Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ecology > Capter 8 > Flashcards

Capter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Physiology?

A

The study of the functions of organisms and
their parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is physiological ecology?

A

The study of how organisms function in their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Ecophysiology?

A

Ecophysiology is an
integrative field that strives
to unite multiple
subdisciplines of biology to
solve ecological problems

  • Ecophysiology: “Ecology
    provides the questions, and
    physiology provides the
    tools to determine the
    mechanisms.”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Thermobiology

A

The physiological mechanisms and
behavioural choices that are used to achieve a favourable energy balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Metabolism

A

Heterotrophic organisms need other
organisms to fulfill energy and nutritional
requirements
* Metabolism: the
chemical processes
within living organisms
that maintain life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

oxygen is involved in
converting carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins to ATP in
mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Anaerobic metabolism

A

lower efficiency production
of ATP without oxygen
* Measure metabolic rate as
oxygen consumption
(aerobic) or heat production
(anaerobic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ectotherms

A

organisms
that rely on the external
environment as the
primary source of heat
* They have slower
metabolic rates
* They can survive long
periods with little food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Endotherms

A

organisms that rely on their own
metabolism for warmth
* They have faster
metabolic rates, and can
remain active in cool
environments
* Retain heat by insulation
and circulatory system
* Use considerable energy
for thermoregulation
* Typically also homeotherm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Homeotherms

A

Organisms that maintain constant body
temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Heterotherms
(poikilotherms):

A

organisms that cannot
maintain a steady body
temperature
Heterotherms often bask
to maintain body
temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Endothermy/homeothermy in insects

A

Sphynx moths can
raise their thorax
temperature within
minutes, by muscle
contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Heat production

A

Three quarters of
metabolized energy is
released as heat
* Some mammals have
brown adipose tissue
(fat), which releases all
energy as heat without
producing ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Insulation

A

Effective
thermoregulation
requires ability to
conserve heat: insulation
* Hair and feathers work by trapping stagnant air
* Fat is also a good
insulator (mostly in
aquatic organisms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Counter-current exchange

A

A counterflow mechanism that enables fluids at different temperatures flowing in channels in opposite directions to exchange their heat content without mixing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Responce to cold

A

Rapid muscle
contractions (shivering)
produce heat
* Vasoconstriction reduces
heat loss
* Muscles contract to fluff
up feathers or fur when
cold (e.g. goose bumps)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Respponses to heat

A
  • Sweating and panting
    (evaporation cools)
  • Vasodilation, especially
    in large-area organs
    such as ears
  • Reduction of metabolic
    rate
  • Seeking shade Warm animals may sweat,
    pant, vasodilate, become
    less active, and seek shade
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Torpor

A
  • Relatively short-term condition of
    decreased activity
  • bats do this
  • heart rate temperature breathing all drop
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hibernation

A

Long-term condition of decreased
activity in cold temperatures
(months or weeks long)
- heart
rate and
breathing slow
down and body
temperature
lowers to near
freezing

20
Q

Estivation

A

decreased activity in hot temperatures

21
Q

sleep

A
  • no pysiological change
22
Q

Antifreeze

A

Antifreeze proteins:
substances which
reduce the freezing
point
* Polar marine fish can
live in waters <0°C
* Ice crystals would
normally destroy cells
* Dehydration to
concentrate the
cytoplasm and avoid
crystals

23
Q

Acclimatization

A

Acclimatization is the
physiological
adjustment of
organisms to abiotic
factors outside of their
normal zone
* Change in physiological
function smaller than
expected if organisms
have time to acclimate

24
Q

Gas exchange

A

Oxygen is required for
mitochondrial
respiration, and CO2
must be removed
* Oxygen transport
system is required,
except in very small
organisms (e.g. insects)
* Organs for gas
exchange: lungs and gills

25
Q

Gills and gas exchange

A

Gills: The gas
exchange surfaces of
aquatic animals
* Water is more viscous
than air; more energy
is needed to move
water over exchange
surface
* If water is cold, heat
loss is considerable

26
Q

Gas exchange in air

A
  • Lungs and tracheal
    systems are gas
    exchange surfaces in
    terrestrial animals
  • Some amphibians
    exchange gases through
    skin
  • Water loss due to
    evaporation is a problem
    in dry climates Aquatic mammals and
    reptiles also breathe air
27
Q

Respiratory pigments

A

Respiratory pigments
(e.g. hemoglobin) allow
more gas transport in
body fluids
* Blood plasma carries
3mL O2/L without
hemoglobin; 200 mL O2/L
with hemoglobin
* Pigments are especially
important for animals
with high metabolic rates

28
Q

Physiological ecology of plants

A

Plants are autotrophs
rooted in a fixed place, requiring:
* Light
* CO2
* Water
* Mineral nutrients
* Suitable temperature

29
Q

What is the formula for photosynthathis

A

Sunlight + 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

30
Q

Stomata

A

Where carbon dioxide enters and oxygen and water vapour leaves

31
Q

Light reactions

A
  • Absorption of sun’s
    energy produces ATP and
    NADPH (required to turn
    the carbon dioxide into
    glucose), and O2 is
    released from H2O
  • This reaction requires
    light
32
Q

Dark reaction

A
  • ATP and NADPH is used to
    fix CO2 as sugars in the
    Calvin cycle
  • The first product is a
    molecule with 3 carbon
    atoms (3-phosphoglyceric
    acid), and the process is
    called C3 photosynthesis
  • Process is independent of
    light (but it can occur
    during daytime)
33
Q

Photorespiration

A

Photorespiration: Some
plants can use O2 as a
substrate for
photosynthesis, instead of
CO2
* This reaction is pronounced
when CO2 is low, O2 is high,
or temperatures are low
* C4 plants evolved to avoid
photorespiration because it
is an energy-wasting
reaction
Corn, a warm climate
plant, uses C4 path to
avoid photorespiration

34
Q

C4 photosynthesis

A

C4 photosynthesis is an
alternative chemical pathway,
allowing plants to avoid
photorespiration
* C4 plants fix CO2 in mesophyll
cells as a molecule with 4
carbon atoms (malate) then
transport it to bundle sheath
cells where O2 is absent
* This also increases water
efficiency
- C4 plants fix CO2 in mesophyll cells as malate, transport it to bundle sheath, where O2 is absent
- fixation of
CO2 is done in different location
than the Calvin cycle

35
Q

Co2 - h2o tradeoff

A

To acquire CO2 for
photosynthesis, plants
have to open their
stomata
* This leads to increased
water loss
* Under dry conditions,
plants close their
stomata
* This is a problem for
photosynthesis under
dry conditions

36
Q

cam photosynthesis

A

Crassulacean Acid
Metabolism (CAM)
photosynthesis evolved
to reduce loss of water
* Stomata open at night
when air humidity is high
* CO2 is fixed as malate,
stored in vacuoles
* Stomata close during day
* CO2 is released from the
malate for Calvin cycle
CAM plants are often
succulents, such as cacti.
- dry environments
- fixation of
CO2 is done at a different time
than the Calvin cycle

37
Q

What equation describes pop size in an open pop

A

N(t+1) =Nt+ (B-D+(It-Et)

38
Q

Which one of the following statements about thermobiology is TRUE?A. Bears don’t hibernate; they have extended sleep.B. Shivering allows organisms to warm up.C. Counter-current exchange allows animals to keep feet warm in cold environments.D. Antifreeze chemicals are important in the overwintering physiology of some frogs.E. All of the other statements are true.

A

e

39
Q

Which one of the following sequences about vocal learning behaviour is in the CORRECT ORDER?
A. Crystallization > silent phase > sensory phase > sensorimotor phase
B. Sensory phase > silent phase > sensorimotor phase > crystallization
C. Sensory phase > sensorimotor phase
D. Sensorimotor phase > sensory phase
E. None of the sequences are in the correct order

A

b

40
Q

Which of the following statements about nutrient cycles is TRUE?
A. Carbon is commonly found in Earth’s atmosphere, and is not common within Earth’s crust.
B. Nitrogen is commonly found in Earth’s atmosphere, and is not common within Earth’s crust.
C. Sulfur is commonly found in Earth’s atmosphere, and is not common within Earth’s crust.
D. Phosphorus is commonly found in Earth’s atmosphere, and is not common within Earth’s crust
E. All of the other statements are true

A

b

41
Q

What are autotrophs?

A
  • plants
  • synthesis food using exsternal source of energy (sun) to create simple sugars from inorganic compounds
42
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A
  • animals
  • survive by feeding on biomass
43
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Vasoconstriction is accomplished by smooth muscle surrounding the arterioles that supply the skin. It slows the flow of blood to the
surface, which reduces the heat lost to the environment

44
Q

Counter-Current Heat Exchange

A

The artery and vein supplying the limb are in proximity, so heat is exchanged between the two. As warm blood passes down the artery, heat is lost to the cooler venous blood returning from the distal end, thus reducing the amount of
heat lost in the limb.

45
Q

Are CAM and C4 cycle the same?

A

C4 photosynthesis: fixation of CO2 is done in different location than the Calvin cycle
CAM photosynthesis: fixation of CO2 is done at a different time than the Calvin cycle

ecology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions