Cap.19 Intestino delgado Flashcards
What does the cranial limb of the midgut loop develop into?
Distal duodenum, jejunum, and proximal ilium
What does the caudal limb of the midgut loop develop into?
Distal ilium and proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon
What structure joins the yolk sac to the juncture of the cranial and caudal limbs of the midgut loop?
The vitelline duct
What is a persistent vitelline duct otherwise known as?
Meckel diverticulum
How much does midgut loop rotate during normal physiologic herniation of bowel?
270° counterclockwise rotation
How long is the entire small intestine, from the pylorus to the cecum?
~6 m (20 ft)
How long is the duodenum?
26 cm (9.8 in.)
How long is the jejunum?
2.5 m (8.2 ft)
How long is the ileum?
3.5 m (11.5 ft)
What peritoneal fold supports the duodenojejunal angle, which marks where the duodenum ends and the jejunum begin?
Ligament of Treitz
What are plicae circulares?
Circular folds of mucosa in the small bowel lumen (also known as valvulae conniventes)
Excluding the proximal duodenum, what artery supplies the entire blood supply of the small bowel?
Except for the proximal duodenum that is supplied by branches of the celiac axis, the supply comes entirely from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA).
Where is the parasympathetic innervation of the small bowel derived from?
Parasympathetic fibers are derived from the vagus, which traverse the celiac ganglion to supply the small bowel.
Where is the sympathetic innervation of the small bowel derived from?
Sympathetic fibers originate from 3 sets of splanchnic nerves; ganglion cells found in a plexus around base of SMA.
Describe the lymphatic drainage of the small intestine:
From mucosa through wall of the bowel
Mesenteric lymph nodes adjacent to the bowel
Regional nodes adjacent to the mesenteric arterial arcades
Group of lymph nodes at the base of the superior mesentery vessels Cisterna chyli
Thoracic ducts
Return to venous system
What are the 4 layers of the small bowel? From out to in:
Serosa
Muscularis propria
Submucosa
Mucosa
The muscularis propria comprises what 2 muscle layers?
Thin outer longitudinal layer; thicker inner circular layer (with myenteric [Auerbach] plexus between the muscle layers)
The strongest layer of the small bowel:
Submucosa
What extensive plexus of nerve fibers and ganglion cells are found in the submucosa of the small bowel?
Meissner plexus
What 3 layers comprise the mucosa of the small bowel?
Muscularis mucosae (thin layer of muscle that separates mucosa from submucosa) Lamina propria (connective tissue layer between epithelial cells and muscularis mucosae) Epithelial layer (continual sheet of epithelial cells covering villi and lining crypts)
Which layer of small bowel mucosa is responsible for combating microorganisms that penetrate the overlying small bowel epithelium?
Lamina propria (contains a rich supply of immune cells)
What are the 4 main cell types found in the small bowel mucosal layer?
Absorptive enterocytes Goblet cells (secretes mucus) Paneth cells (secrete lysozyme, tumor necrosis factor) Enteroendocrine cells (produce gastrointestinal hormones)
Term for the fuzzy coat of glycoprotein that covers the microvilli to further increase absorption:
Glycocalyx
The portions of the duodenum that are retroperitoneal:
Second portion (descending), third portion (transverse)
The vascular supply of the duodenum is:
Anterosuperior pancreaticoduodenal and posterosuperior pancreaticoduodenal arteries (from gastroduodenal artery) and anteroinferior pancreaticoduodenal and posteroinferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries (from SMA)
What is the first branch off of the SMA?
Anteroinferior pancreaticoduodenal and posteroinferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
What is the primary responsibility of the small bowel?
The absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, ions, vitamins, and water
What does the terminal ileum absorb?
- Fatty acids
- bile salts
- vitamin B12
What enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion are contained in the brush border of the small intestine?
- Lactase
- maltase
- sucrase-isomaltase
- trehalase
Name the substrate and the product for lactase, located in the brush border of the small intestine:
Substrate: lactose
Product: glucose, galactose
What brush border enzyme in the duodenum activates pancreatic trypsinogen that is secreted into the intestine?
Enterokinase
What 3 principal pancreatic proteases comprise the endopeptidases?
- Trypsin
- Chymotrypsin
- Elastase
What 2 principal pancreatic proteases comprise the exopeptidases?
- Carboxypeptidase A
- Carboxypeptidase B
What is the primary action of trypsin?
Forms products with basic amino acids at carboxyl-terminal end by attacking peptide bonds involving basic amino acids.
What is the primary action of chymotrypsin?
Forms peptide products with aromatic amino acids, leucine, glutamine, and methionine at carboxyl- terminal ends by attacking peptide bonds involving aromatic amino acids, leucine, glutamine, and methionine.
What is the primary action of elastase?
Forms products with neutral amino acids at carboxyl-terminal end by attacking peptide bonds involving neutral aliphatic amino acids.
What is the primary action of carboxypeptidase A?
Attacks peptides with aromatic and neutral aliphatic amino acids at carboxyl-terminal end
What is the primary action of carboxypeptidase B?
Attacks peptides with basic amino acids at carboxyl-terminal end
Normally, what percentage of digestion and absorption of protein is completed in the jejunum?
80% to 90%
Describe the process of the fat digestion in the small bowel:
Fat globules from the diet are emulsified with the help of bile
Pancreatic lipase splits triglycerides into free fatty acids and 2-monoglycerides
Bile salts form micelles with the monoglycerides and free fatty acids (dissolved in central hydrophobic portion of micelles) formed from lipolysis
Micelles carry the products of fat hydrolysis to brush border where absorption occurs
What is a micelle?
A small spherical globule with a lipophilic sterol nucleus and a polar hydrophilic group that projects outward and is composed of 20 to 40 molecules of bile salts
What kind of fatty acids are absorbed directly into the portal blood?
Short- and medium-chain fatty acids
What kind of fatty acid is absorbed via chylomicrons passing from the epithelial cells into lacteals, which pass through the lymphatics into the venous system?
Long-chain fatty acids
What is the composition of a chylomicron?
~90% triacylglycerol
~10% phospholipid
cholesterol
protein
What percentage of fat absorption occurs by way of the thoracic lymphatics?
80% to 90%
What percentage of bile salts are reabsorbed?
95%
How are unconjugated bile acids absorbed into the jejunum?
Passive diffusion
Only location of the small bowel where conjugated bile is absorbed:
Terminal ileum
What is bile conjugated to?
Glycine and taurine
What are the primary bile acids?
Chenodeoxycholic
cholic
What are the secondary bile acids?
Dexoycholic
lithocholic
How much is the total bile salt pool in humans?
2 to 3 g
Approximately how much bile is lost in the stool in 1 day?
0.5 g
Number of times the bile recirculates in 24 hours (enterohepatic circulation):
~6 times
In the ileal enterocyte, what binds and transports free vitamin B12 into the portal circulation?
Transcobalamin II
What are the 3 areas of the small bowel where gut-associated lymphoid tissue can be found?
- Intraepithelial
- lamina propria
- Peyer patches
What cells contained within the follicle-associated epithelium of the small bowel serve as a site for the selective sampling of intraluminal antigens?
M cells (microfold cells)
What is the most important hormone in the migrating motor complex?
Motilin
During which phase of the migrating motor complex is motilin found at its peak plasma levels?
Phase III
What happens during Phase I of the migrating motor complex?
Rest
What happens during Phase II of the migrating motor complex?
Acceleration and gallbladder contraction
What happens during Phase III of the migrating motor complex?
Peristalsis
What happens during Phase IV of the migrating motor complex?
Deceleration
What is the primary effect of the hormone gastrin?
Stimulates gastric mucosal growth; stimulates acid and pepsinogen secretion
Location of the cells that release the hormone gastrin:
G cells in the duodenum; antrum
What are the major stimulants for the release of the hormone gastrin?
Amino acids; peptides; antral distention; gastrin-releasing peptide (bombesin); vagal and adrenergic stimulation
What is the primary effect of the hormone cholecystokinin?
Stimulates gallbladder contraction; relaxes sphincter of Oddi; stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion; inhibits gastric emptying
Location of the cells that release the hormone cholecystokinin:
Duodenum; jejunum (I cells)
What are the major stimulants for the release of the hormone cholecystokinin?
- Amino acids
- peptides
- fats
What is the primary effect of the hormone secretin?
Stimulates flow/alkalinity of bile and release of water and bicarbonate from pancreatic ductal cells; inhibits gastrin releases and gastric acid secretion and motility
Location of the cells that release the hormone secretin:
Duodenum; jejunum (S cells)
What are the major stimulants for the release of the hormone secretin?
Bile salts; fatty acids; luminal acidity
What is the primary effect of the hormone somatostatin?
Inhibits gastric acid secretion, release of gastrointestinal hormones, small bowel water and electrolyte secretion, and secretion of pancreatic hormones (universal “off” switch)
Location of the cells that release the hormone somatostatin:
Pancreatic islets (D cells); antrum; duodenum
What are the major stimulants for the release of the hormone somatostatin?
Pancreas: amino acids, cholecystokinin, and glucose;
Gut: acid, fat, protein, and other hormones (gastrin, cholecystokinin)
What is the primary effect of the hormone gastrin-releasing peptide?
Stimulates release of all gastrointestinal hormones (except secretin), gastric acid secretion and release of antral gastrin, gastrointestinal secretion and motility, and growth of intestinal mucosa and pancreas (universal “on” switch)
Location of the cells that release the hormone gastrin-releasing peptide:
Small bowel
What are the major stimulants for the release of the hormone gastrin-releasing peptide?
Vagal stimulation
What is the primary effect of the hormone gastric inhibitory peptide?
Stimulates pancreatic insulin release in response to hyperglycemia and inhibits gastric acid and pepsin secretion
Location of the cells that release the hormone gastric inhibitory peptide:
Duodenum; jejunum (K cells)