Canine Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Canine Parvovirus (CPV2).

A

Severe haemorrhagic vomiting/diarrhoea (haemorrhagic gatroenteritis) with leukopenia
Faeco-oral spread
Inactivated by formalin and hypochlorite disinfectants
Part of core canine vaccination
Infects rapidly diving tissue (neonatal myocardium, intestinal crypt, bone marrow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the signalment for CPV?

A

Inadequately protected puppy - immunity gap

Unvaccinated adult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the clinical signs of CPV?

A

Haemorrhagic diarrhoea +/- vomiting
Anorexic, depressed, abdominal pain
Neutropenia
Pyrexia, cardiovascular compromise, death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do we diagnose CPV?

A

Test every puppy with haemorrhagic diarrhoea and/or neutropenia
Faecal parvovirus antigen ELISA test (in-house)
Post-mortem (various tissues)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do we treat CPV?

A

Fluid therapy (IV crystalloids) - Monitor K+ and supplement glucose as necessary
Naso-oesophageal tube trickle feeding
Control emesis - maropitant/metoclopramide
Antibiotics - amoxicillin clavulanate IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What nursing care can we provide to CPV patients?

A
Bottom hygiene, diarrhoea scald
Hypersalivation - mandibular lip scald
Ensure warm, euhydrated/euvolaemic
Notify if pyrexic/hypothermic
Early nutrition essential to recovery!
Dedicated nurse/nurse last
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can we prevent CPV?

A

Barrier nursing/disinfection with hypochlorite

Vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe Leptospirosis in the environment.

A

Infected urine - contamination
Cannot replicate outside of host
Exposure to heat/frosts, UV irradiation = readily inactivated
Can survive for weeks-months in warm/wet months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of leptospirosis.

A

Infection via contaminated urine contacting MMs or compromised skin
Replication within bloodstream (leptospiraemia)
Renal infection and shedding in urine (leptospiruria)
Incubation period approx. 1 week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the clinical presentation of leptospirosis?

A

Typically acute
Lethargy, inappetence, vomiting/diarrhoea, pyrexia
Hepatic injury +/- jaundice
Renal injury +/- failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do find on examination of a leptospirosis patient?

A
Lethargic, dull
Frequently pyrexic
\+/- jaundice
\+/- petechial haemorrhages
\+/- mild generalised lymphadenomegaly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the common laboratory findings of leptospirosis patients?

A

Thrombocytopenia (mild-moderate)
Hepatic injury +/- jaundice
Renal injury (azotemia) - anuria/polyuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do we diagnose leptospirosis?

A

Demonstration of serological conversion

Organism identification - before antibiotic therapy (PCR most commonly used)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do we treat leptospirosis?

A

When suspicious, start before results available
Doxycycline (2 weeks) required +/- in-contact animals
Frequently use amoxicillin clavulanate IV
Supportive treatment for affected organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What nursing care can we provide for leptospirosis patients?

A

Hygiene and barrier nursing
Disinfect appropriately - chlorine/phenol-based
Appropriate cage signage
Designated urine area - monitor urine output roughly
Consider phlebotomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What human considerations do we have regarding leptospirosis?

A

ZOONOTIC!
Avoid contact with bodily fluids, especially urine and blood
‘Weil’s disease’ - typically mild and flu-like, less typically severe multisystemic life-threatening illness (+/- abortions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe Canine Distemper Virus.

A

Survives <1 day in environment - rapidly inactivated by heat, drying, disinfectants
Rare in UK due to vaccination
Shed in all body secretions/excretions BEFORE clinical signs
Tendency for epithelial localisation e.g. respiratory, GI, CNS, urinary, skin, RBC/WBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the acute presentation of distemper?

A

Highly variable - host, pathogenicity, dose etc.
Pyrexia, lethargy
Respiratory = cough, naso-ocular discharge +/- pneumonia
GI = vomiting, diarrhoea
+/- neurological
Secondary infections common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the chronic/other manifestations of distemper?

A

CNS signs = seizures, ataxia, myoclonus
Ocular signs = inflammatory +/- blindness
Dental = enamel and dental hypoplasia
Dermatological - foot pad and nasal planum hyperkeratosis (‘hardpad’)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do we diagnose distemper?

A

No specific screening lab findings (although lymphopenia common)
Identifying organism - swabs/samples
Cytology - viral inclusions (leukocytes, conjunctival cells, fluid samples etc)
Antigen (ELISA) assays/PCR detection
Antibody detection (serology, paired)
Post-mortem - histopathology (inclusions +/- in situ hybridisation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do we treat distemper?

A

Isolation/barrier nursing
Supportive nursing and management of secondary infections
Antiviral therapy not currently available
Surviving, apparently recovered dogs are at risk of future CNS signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two presentations of Canine Adenovirus?

A
CAV-1 = Infectious Canine Hepatitis
CAV-2 = respiratory pathogen, part of Kennel Cough complex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe CAV-1.

A

Survives at room temp. for months, readily inactivated by disinfectants
Affected dogs usually juvenile or unvaccinated (rare in UK)
Also causes disease in other dog-like species (not ferrets)

24
Q

How is CAV-1 transmitted?

A

Shed in saliva, urine, faeces for months post-infection
Direct dog-dog contact or via fomites
4-9 day incubation before clinical signs

25
Q

What are the 4 disease syndromes of CAV-1?

A

Mild/subclinical = immunological competence
Per-acute = circulatory collapse and death (1-2 days)
Sub-acute to chronic = partially immune, hepatic failure and death
Acute = severe disease lasting 1-2 weeks, mortality up to 30%, most commonly seen

26
Q

What are the clinical signs of CAV-1?

A

Hepatic injury (icterus uncommon)
Petechial/ecchymotic haemorrhages +/- GI haemorrhage
Conjunctivitis +/- uveitis +/- corneal oedema (‘Blue Eye’) - NOT all
+ non-specific pyrexia, lethargy, inappetence, vomiting, diarrhoea, tachypnoea
+/- glomerular +/- tubular damage - may persist
Robust antibody response at ~7 days - limited injury beyond this timeframe

27
Q

How do we diagnose CAV-1?

A

Leukopenia/neutropenia +/- pancytopenia
Biochem reflects hepatocellular injury and dysfunction - coagulopathic
Serologic - rising titre
Virus identification - PCR (nasal/ocular/rectal swabs, body fluids/tissues)
Post-mortem characteristic intranuclear inclusion bodies

28
Q

How do we treat and nurse CAV-1 patients?

A

Isolate/barrier nurse
Supportive (esp. hepatic) - fluid/nutrition, nausea, encephalopathic, painful?
+/- specific ophthalmic care

29
Q

What is the prognosis for CAV-1 survivors?

A

Chronic hepatitis/glomerulonephritis possible

30
Q

Describe Canine Herpesvirus infection (CHV-1).

A

Latent infection of neural ganglia = reactivation/shedding at times of stress
Typically venereal transmission in adults - subclinical URT/genital disease + latency
Replicates < 37 degrees C so usually only in puppies - ‘fading puppy syndrome’

31
Q

Which three canine infectious respiratory pathogens are considered part of the Kennel Cough complex?

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica
Canine parainfluenza virus
Canine adenovirus 2 (CAV-2)

32
Q

Describe Kennel Cough.

A

Multiple pathogens, usually causing acute and self-limiting URT cough (harsh and hacking)
May also cause concurrent oculo-nasal signs + progression to pneumonia
Highly contagious (aerosol, direct and fomite transmission) - high unvaccinated population density risk

33
Q

How do we manage a KC coughing dog who is otherwise well and non-pyrexic?

A

Give time (1-2 weeks), environmental management
+/- NSAIDs
+/- cough suppressants

34
Q

How do we manage a KC coughing dog who is pyrexic with lower respiratory or systemic signs?

A

Antibiotics - doxycycline (and/or guided by culture/sensitivity)
Lower respiratory signs = ideally radiography
Systemic signs = consider other infectious diseases/diagnostics etc.

35
Q

What challenges do we face from bacterial infections?

A

Can be isolated from healthy dogs’ faeces
Zoonoses and reverse zoonoses
Knowing the significance/proving causality

36
Q

What are the risk factors for a bacterial canine infection?

A

Raw-fed
Young
Unsanitary/crowded environment
Immunocompromised owners

37
Q

What are the clinical signs of bacterial enterocolitis?

A
Haemorrhagic vomiting +/- diarrhoea
Pyrexia
Sepsis 
\+/- abdominal pain
Enterotoxaemia is possible
38
Q

Describe Campylobacter spp. infection.

A

Present in faeces of (>50%) healthy dogs/cats (young/kennelled)
If faecal culture +ve, speciate with PCR
C. jejuni related to disease in dogs, C. coli related to disease in cats
C. upsaliensis likely a canine commensal
First line therapy (off-licence) = erythromycin

39
Q

Describe Salmonella spp. infection.

A

Subclinical carriage - up to 30% healthy dogs and 18% healthy cats
In cats, clinical signs do not always include GI - pyrexia +/- leukocytosis +/- GI signs (‘songbird fever’)

40
Q

How do we diagnose Salmonella spp. infection?

A

Faecal culture and/or blood culture/PCR

41
Q

How do we treat Salmonella spp. infection?

A

Treat only if systemically unwell

Antibiotics may encourage carrier state - least likely with fluoroquinolones (10 days then reculture)

42
Q

Describe Escherichia coli infection.

A

Various pathogenic types, may be commensal

May cause acute or chronic diarrhoea - often in combo with other pathogens

43
Q

How do we diagnose E. coli?

A

Positive faecal culture

Can evaluate for pathogenicity genes

44
Q

How do we treat E. coli infection?

A

Antimicrobials

Others (vaccination, oral Ig’s) not proven

45
Q

Describe Clostridium perfringens infection.

A

Can isolate from >80% healthy dogs
Subtyped based on various toxins
Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE)
netF toxin likely associated with canine Acute Haemorrhagic Diarrhoea Syndrome

46
Q

How do we diagnose Clostridium perfringens infection?

A

Dogs more typically have lower intestinal diarrhoea (SI or mixed also common)
Ideally - CPE (ELISA) in faeces and CPE gene PCR
In reality rely on faecal culture - HUGE limitations

47
Q

How do we treat Clostridium perfringens infection?

A

No rationale for treating systemically well dogs with diarrhoea
Treat if systemically ill (haemorrhagic gastroenteritis, pyrexia, inflammatory leukogram) - ampicillin / metronidazole

48
Q

Describe Acute Haemorrhagic Diarrhoea Syndrome (AHDS).

A

Acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea (+/- vomiting) and marked haemoconcentration
Increasing evidence for C. perfringens netF in pathogenesis - pore in enterocytes
Most commonly affects small breed dogs, any age
Some suffer repeated events

49
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Acute Haemorrhagic Diarrhoea Syndrome?

A

Acute onset
Acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea +/- vomiting
Abdominal pain, obtundation
Extreme fluid losses into gut lumen = hypovolaemic shock, marked haemoconcentration

50
Q

How do we diagnose AHDS?

A

Consistent clinical signs
Marked elevation in PCV (often >60%) without commensurate increase in proteins
Exclude other causes

51
Q

How do we treat AHDS?

A

IV crystalloid therapy for hypovolaemia (boluses, ongoing CRI)
Amoxicillin clavulanate when indicated, i.e. pyrexic, septic

52
Q

Describe Clostridium difficile infection.

A

Small proportion healthy animals carry asymptomatically

Disease likely secondary to toxin production

53
Q

How do we diagnose Clostridium difficile infection?

A

Faecal culture and/or common antigen test
+ ELISA for toxins (TcdA and TcdB)
Negative culture = good NPV

54
Q

How do we treat Clostridium difficile infection?

A

Metronidazole, where clinically indicated

If antibiotic-induced, stop antibiotics

55
Q

What nursing care can we provide in bacterial enterocolitis?

A

Barrier nursing
Hygiene
Attention - fluid balance, severity of haemorrhagic component, abdominal pain, nausea, appetite, changes in body temp.