Canine Infectious Disease Flashcards
Describe Canine Parvovirus (CPV2).
Severe haemorrhagic vomiting/diarrhoea (haemorrhagic gatroenteritis) with leukopenia
Faeco-oral spread
Inactivated by formalin and hypochlorite disinfectants
Part of core canine vaccination
Infects rapidly diving tissue (neonatal myocardium, intestinal crypt, bone marrow)
What is the signalment for CPV?
Inadequately protected puppy - immunity gap
Unvaccinated adult
What are the clinical signs of CPV?
Haemorrhagic diarrhoea +/- vomiting
Anorexic, depressed, abdominal pain
Neutropenia
Pyrexia, cardiovascular compromise, death
How do we diagnose CPV?
Test every puppy with haemorrhagic diarrhoea and/or neutropenia
Faecal parvovirus antigen ELISA test (in-house)
Post-mortem (various tissues)
How do we treat CPV?
Fluid therapy (IV crystalloids) - Monitor K+ and supplement glucose as necessary
Naso-oesophageal tube trickle feeding
Control emesis - maropitant/metoclopramide
Antibiotics - amoxicillin clavulanate IV
What nursing care can we provide to CPV patients?
Bottom hygiene, diarrhoea scald Hypersalivation - mandibular lip scald Ensure warm, euhydrated/euvolaemic Notify if pyrexic/hypothermic Early nutrition essential to recovery! Dedicated nurse/nurse last
How can we prevent CPV?
Barrier nursing/disinfection with hypochlorite
Vaccination
Describe Leptospirosis in the environment.
Infected urine - contamination
Cannot replicate outside of host
Exposure to heat/frosts, UV irradiation = readily inactivated
Can survive for weeks-months in warm/wet months
Describe the pathogenesis of leptospirosis.
Infection via contaminated urine contacting MMs or compromised skin
Replication within bloodstream (leptospiraemia)
Renal infection and shedding in urine (leptospiruria)
Incubation period approx. 1 week
What is the clinical presentation of leptospirosis?
Typically acute
Lethargy, inappetence, vomiting/diarrhoea, pyrexia
Hepatic injury +/- jaundice
Renal injury +/- failure
What do find on examination of a leptospirosis patient?
Lethargic, dull Frequently pyrexic \+/- jaundice \+/- petechial haemorrhages \+/- mild generalised lymphadenomegaly
What are the common laboratory findings of leptospirosis patients?
Thrombocytopenia (mild-moderate)
Hepatic injury +/- jaundice
Renal injury (azotemia) - anuria/polyuria
How do we diagnose leptospirosis?
Demonstration of serological conversion
Organism identification - before antibiotic therapy (PCR most commonly used)
How do we treat leptospirosis?
When suspicious, start before results available
Doxycycline (2 weeks) required +/- in-contact animals
Frequently use amoxicillin clavulanate IV
Supportive treatment for affected organs
What nursing care can we provide for leptospirosis patients?
Hygiene and barrier nursing
Disinfect appropriately - chlorine/phenol-based
Appropriate cage signage
Designated urine area - monitor urine output roughly
Consider phlebotomy
What human considerations do we have regarding leptospirosis?
ZOONOTIC!
Avoid contact with bodily fluids, especially urine and blood
‘Weil’s disease’ - typically mild and flu-like, less typically severe multisystemic life-threatening illness (+/- abortions)
Describe Canine Distemper Virus.
Survives <1 day in environment - rapidly inactivated by heat, drying, disinfectants
Rare in UK due to vaccination
Shed in all body secretions/excretions BEFORE clinical signs
Tendency for epithelial localisation e.g. respiratory, GI, CNS, urinary, skin, RBC/WBC
What is the acute presentation of distemper?
Highly variable - host, pathogenicity, dose etc.
Pyrexia, lethargy
Respiratory = cough, naso-ocular discharge +/- pneumonia
GI = vomiting, diarrhoea
+/- neurological
Secondary infections common
What is the chronic/other manifestations of distemper?
CNS signs = seizures, ataxia, myoclonus
Ocular signs = inflammatory +/- blindness
Dental = enamel and dental hypoplasia
Dermatological - foot pad and nasal planum hyperkeratosis (‘hardpad’)
How do we diagnose distemper?
No specific screening lab findings (although lymphopenia common)
Identifying organism - swabs/samples
Cytology - viral inclusions (leukocytes, conjunctival cells, fluid samples etc)
Antigen (ELISA) assays/PCR detection
Antibody detection (serology, paired)
Post-mortem - histopathology (inclusions +/- in situ hybridisation)
How do we treat distemper?
Isolation/barrier nursing
Supportive nursing and management of secondary infections
Antiviral therapy not currently available
Surviving, apparently recovered dogs are at risk of future CNS signs
What are the two presentations of Canine Adenovirus?
CAV-1 = Infectious Canine Hepatitis CAV-2 = respiratory pathogen, part of Kennel Cough complex