Canine Diseases Flashcards
What canine disease do we vaccinate against in UK?
Core vaccines – canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus, canine parvovirus
Non-core but recommended – leptospirosis species
Non-core vaccines – canine parainfluenza virus, Bordetella bronchioseptica, rabies, canine herpesvirus
When do we vaccinate?
Want to provide early protection to puppies to enable them to socialise safely but too early risk vaccine failure due to maternally-derived antibodies (MDA)
Name the infectious agents of canine infectious disease.
Canine parainfluenza virus
Canine adenovirus-2
Influenza virus
Coronavirus
Herpesvirus
Streptococcus
Mycoplasma
How are canine infectious respiratory disease complex spread?
Aerosol
What is the pathogenesis of canine infectious respiratory diseases?
- Inhaled organisms infect respiratory epithelial cells – damage cells of URT
- Disease usually acute and self-limiting, clinical signs 1-2 weeks on average
- Damage to respiratory epithelial cells can predispose to infection by opportunistic secondary pathogens
How is canine infectious respiratory disease complex diagnosed?
BAL
Naso-pharyngeal swabs
How is canine infectious respiratory disease complex treated?
- Supportive care – NSAIDs, cough suppressants, no indication for antibiotics
- If systemic signs, ideally investigate, empirical treatment with doxycycline
How does vaccination of canine infectious respiratory disease prevent the disease?
- Low vaccination rates
- Not sterilising immunity
- Reduce severity of clinical signs
- Reduces shedding
What is leptospirosis?
Ubiquitous bacteria
Zoonotic
Cats fairly resistant to clinical disease
How is leptospirosis vaccinated against?
Vaccinate against two (L2) or four (L4) of the most common serovars which provide some cross-protection
How is leptospirosis spread?
Urine of infected animals
What is the pathogenesis of leptospirosis?
- Contaminated urine via mucous membranes or compromised skin
- Bloodstream
- Leptospiraemia as early as 1 day post-infection
- Leptospires in kidneys
- Shed in urine - leptospiuria. Approximately 1 week after leptospiraemia
What are the clinical signs of leptospirosis?
- Liver injury
- Kidney injury
- Rare – acute pulmonary haemorrhage and vasculitis
- Lethargy, inappetence, vomiting, diarrhoea
- Pyrexia
- With/without jaundice
- With/without petechial haemorrhage
- With/without mild generalised lymphadenopathy
How is leptospirosis treated?
Doxycycline
Co-amoxiclav
Supportive care for liver and/or kidney failure
How does vaccination prevent leptospirosis?
Reduces severity of clinical signs and urinary excretion
What is canine parvovirus?
Acute, severe haemorrhagic gastroenteritis with leukopaenia – virus attacks rapidly dividing cells (intestinal cells and bone marrow), disruption of mucosal barrier and immunosuppression (endotoxaemia and sepsis).
How is canine parvovirus spread?
Faeco-oral spread – direct and fomite transmission, can survive in environment for several months
What are the clinical signs of canine parvovirus?
- Lethargy (severe)
- Profuse diarrhoea, usually haemorrhagic
- Vomiting
- Pyrexia – often not pyrexic later in disease course due to severe dehydration and associated poor peripheral perfusion
- Abdominal pain
- 2ry dehydration
- Sudden death
How is canine parvovirus treated?
Supportive treatment: aggressive fluid therapy, manage vomiting, appropriate nutrition, antibiotics due to bacterial translocation in gut (co-amoxyclav)
How should isolation be used to manage a canine parvovirus outbreak?
- 10 days after clinical recovery
- Virus often shed before clinical signs develop
- Incubation period 2-14 days but usually clinical signs develop within 7 days of exposure
How is canine distemper virus spread?
Oro-nasal secretions
What is the pathogenesis of canine distemper virus?
- Virus initially infects tonsils and lymphoid tissue of URT and replicates
- Then spreads to entire reticuloendothelial system – lymphatic tissues, respiratory tract, GI tract, CNS
What are the clinical signs of acute canine distemper virus?
- Biphasic fever – transient pyrexia 3-6 days after
- Second pyrexia
- Serous nasal discharge
- Mucopurulent ocular discharge
- Lethargy
- Anorexia
- Pneumonia
- Diarrhoea
- Vomiting
- Sometimes pustular dermatitis too (rare)
- Sometimes CNS signs
What are the clinical signs of chronic canine distemper virus?
CNS signs
hronic distemper encephalitis
Seizures
Ataxia
Myoclonus
Hypermetria
How is canine distemper virus diagnosed?
Paired serology and virus isolation
How is canine distemper virus treated?
Supportive care – fluid therapy, nutritional support, antipyrectics, analgesia, anticonvulsants, nursing care
What is infectious canine hepatitis?
An adenovirus
How is infectious canine hepatitis spread?
Oro-nasal and conjunctival spread
What is the pathogenesis of infectious canine hepatitis?
- Replicates in tonsils then spread via lymphatics initially, then bloodstream too
- Then infects hepatocytes and endothelial cells
- Immune complex deposits can also occur. Uveitis and corneal clouding, glomerulonephritis
What are the clinical signs of infectious canine hepatitis?
Per-acute – circulatory collapse and death within 1-2 days
Acute-severe disease lasting 1-2 weeks - pyrexia, hepatic injury (lethargy PUPD, anorexia, abdominal pain, vomiting, jaundice rare), clotting deficiencies (petechial haemorrhages)
How is canine infectious hepatitis treated?
Supportive treatment – fluid therapy, nutritional support, liver support, ophthalmic care
What is canine herpesvirus?
Fading puppy syndrome
Only significant in breeding bitches and neonates
What is caused by canine herpesvirus?
In adult dogs, subclinical URT or genital disease
If naïve bitch infected in 3rd trimester of pregnancy then causes abortion and neonatal death- mortality up to 100%
Infected puppies- diarrhoea, anorexia, poor weight gain, death
Why is canine herpesvirus more dangerous to neonates 1-3 weeks old?
Virus replicates more efficiently at lower body temperatures
When should vaccination be done against canine herpesvirus?
Vaccination of bitch during pregnancy to protect puppies through maternally derived antibodies
