Cancer Staging and Classification Flashcards
most important element of diagnosis / gold standard for diagnosing cancer
tissue biopsy
types of classification of cancer
primary site and histological type
histologic subtypes and tissue origin
carcinoma: epithelial tissues (breast, lungs, glands)
sarcoma: bone, muscle, cartilage, fat, fibrous tissue
leukemia: bone marrow
lymphoma: lymphatic system
melanoma: melanocytes
myeloma: plasma cells
most common histologic type
carcinoma, 80-90% of all cancer types
two main types of sarcoma
bone sarcoma (osteosarcoma)
soft tissue sarcoma (chondrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, angiosarcoma, hemangioendothelioma, lipoma)
lung cancer stages
stage 1: localized
stage 2: larger (>5 cm) or spread to local lymph nodes
stage 3: locally advanced
stage 4: advanced/metastatic
lung cancer stages treatments
stage 1: surgery +/- chemotherapy
stage 2: surgery +/- chemotherapy
stage 3: chemo and rad +/- surg
stage 4: chemo +/- palliative radiation
methods used for clinical staging
- hx and pe
- radiologic studiies
- tumor markers
- surgical and pathology reports
things to take note of in patho reports
- size of tumor
- depth of tumor
- other signs of invasion (lymphovascular invasion, capsular infiltration)
different types of staging
clinical, pathologic, and post neo-adjuvant therapy staging
most commonly used staging system
tnm staging system
primary tumor staging
tx t0 tis carcinoma in situ t1 less/= 2 cm t2 >2cm but <5 cm t3 >5 cm t4 any size growing into the chest wall or skin
lymph node status
nx
n0
n1 1-3 axillary ln and/or tiny cancers in internal mammary ln on sentinel ln biopsy
n2 4-9 ancillary ln or enlarged internal mammary ln
n3 (5 indications)
metastases staging
mx
m0
m1 spread to distant organs
staging for small cell lung cancer
limited stage disease: ipsilateral hemithorax, all known disease can be encompassed in a single radiation port
extensive stage disease: disease in the contralateral hemithorax and distant metastasis
first well documented and tested staging system
duke staging for colorectal cancer
duke staging for crc
a: tumor confined to mucosa
b1: growth into muscularis propria
b2: growth through the muscularis propria and serosa (full thickness)
c1: spread to 1-4 regional lymph nodes
c2: spread to more than 4 regional lymph nodes
d: distant metastases
tnm vs dukes
a: t1n0m0 (stage 1)
b1: t2n0m0 (stage 1)
b2: t3n0m0 or t4n0m0 (stage 2)
c1: t1,t2 n1,n2 m0 (stage 3)
c2: t3,t4 n1,n2 m0 (stage 3)
d: any t, any n, m1 (stage 4)
bclc staging system for hcc
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factors in okuda staging
tumor size >50% liver, ascites, albumin <3 g/dL, bilirubin >3 mg/dL
stage 1: no factors
stage 2: 1-2 factors
stage 3: 3-4 factors
child turcotte pugh score
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hcc treatment basec on bclc stage
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