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14 Onco > Cancer Diagnostics > Flashcards

Cancer Diagnostics Flashcards

1
Q

procedure that is performed to detect the presence of a specific disease in an asymptomatic person

A

screening (looks for the presence of cancer in population of healthy persons or asymptomatic)

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2
Q

process of identifying a disease based on its signs and symptoms, PE, and results of diagnostic/ancillary procedures

A

diagnosis, for the confirmation of a clinical suspicion of cancer

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3
Q

description of the extent of spread of the cancer

A

staging

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4
Q

monitoring the response to treatment/progress of disease/cancer recurrence

A

surveillance

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5
Q

t/f diagnostics isn’t important if patients choose to stop treatment or choose supportive care

A

false, still important to determine status of cancer

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6
Q

imaging modality that reduced mortality from breast cancer

A

mammography

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7
Q

most common requested radiographic imaging

A

cxr

- does not provide definitive diagnosis of lung ca at an early stage

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8
Q

t/f the presence of effusion can confirm cancer

A

false, both infection and cancer can cause effusion

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9
Q

purpose of ct scan

A
  • can be use to guide interventional procedures (biopsy, drainage, targeted rad)
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10
Q

screening test for lung cancer

A

low dose computed ct scan, reduction of 15-20% in lung ca mortality

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11
Q

indications for low dose computed ct scan

A
  • age 55-74
  • more/= 30 pack year smoking history
  • still smoking or have quit within the past 15 years
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12
Q

breast ca on mammogram can appear as __

A

masses, area of asymmetry, malignant calcifications, architectural distortions

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13
Q

birads category

A 
0 incomplete
1 normal
2 benign
3 indeterminate
4 suspicious for malignancy
5 malignancy
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14
Q

mammogram screening recommendations

A

USPSTF: 40-49 yo individualized, 50-74 yo every 2 years
ACS: 40-44 yo annual, 45-54 annual
NCCN: more/= 40 yo annual

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15
Q

types of ultrasounds

A
  • breast
  • abdominal: liver, gb, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, urinary bladder, ascites
  • transvaginal/pelvic
  • endoscopic: esophageal, pancreatic, rectal
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16
Q

benign breast lesions on uts

A

simple cysts: circumscribed anechoic mass with thin imperceptible wall

complicated cysts: hypoechoic with no discernable doppler flow, internal echoes, indistinct margins

benign mass: oval or ellipsoid, wider than tall, circumscribed margins, smooth

17
Q

malignant breast lesions on uts

A

spiculatioins, angular margins, marked hypoechogenicity, post acoustic shadowing, microcalcificaitons, ductal ext, branching patterns, microlobulations

taller than wide and skin thickening

18
Q

principle of radionuclide imaging

A
  • application of radioactive substance taken internally -> external detectors capture and form images from the radiation emitted by the radiopharmaceuticals
19
Q

types of radionuclide imaging and pharmaceutical

A

bone: tc-99m with mdp
thyroid: i-131
ocreotide: iridium 111 pentetreotide
pet scan: flurodeoxyglucose

20
Q

t/f when a pet scan detects uptake of fdg tracer, it’s definite cancer

A

false, it might be cancer but not definite

21
Q

t/f in bone scan, more radioactive turnover = more radioactive material

A

true

22
Q

uses for fiberoptic bronchoscopy

A
  • evaluate centrally located tumors
  • assess the extent of airway obstruction
  • collect tissue sample for analysis
23
Q

uses for upper endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy)

A
  • investigate s/sx of gi
  • diagnose and biopsy
  • treatment for obstructions caused by tumors (stent for biliary tract or esophagus, clipping polyp)
  • screening test for high risk ugi neoplastic process
24
Q

uses of colonoscopy

A
  • screening test for crc in asymptomatic average risk individuals beginning age 50
  • endoscopic polypectomy: remove polyps via wire loop
25
Q

uses for ercp

A
  • pancreatobiliary disorders
  • both endoscopy and fluoroscopy of duodenum and ampulla of vater
  • therapeutic: stent insertion to relieve jaundice and pruritus
26
Q

type of biopsy where tissue is obtained by application of suction through needle attached to syringe

A

aspiration biopsy

27
Q

biopsy where inverted cone of tissue is excised as from the uterine cervix

A

cone biopsy

28
Q

biopsy where removal of tissue through endoscope

A

endoscopic biopsy

29
Q

tissue is removed by surgical cutting

A

excisional biopsy

30
Q

circular blade is used and rotated through the epidermis and dermis and into subcutaneous fat

A

punch biopsy

31
Q

biopsy of a skin lesion in which the sample is excised using a cut parallel to the surface of surrounding skin

A

shave biopsy

32
Q

large hollow needle is used to extract a core of tissue

A

core needle biopsy (preferred when cancer is suspected because it removes more tissue than fnab and doesnt require surgery)

33
Q

ihc stains and cancer equivalents

A 
ttf1: lung
cd-117: gi stromal tumor
cytokeratin: epithelial origin
lca (leukocyte common antigen): lymphoma
estrogen receptor or progesterone receptor: breast
34
Q

use of biomarkers or tumor markers

A
  • treatment response

- not specific enough to permit a diagnosis of malignancy

35
Q

targeted treatments for breast cancer

A

her2 neu: trstuzumab, pertuzumab, tdm-1, lapatinib

hormone: tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors

36
Q

targeted treatments for gastric ca

A

her2 neu: trastuzumab

37
Q

targeted treatments for stage 4 colon ca

A

kras wild type: cetuximab and panitumumab

38
Q

targeted treatments for gist

A

exon 9 and 11: imatinib and suntinib

39
Q

targeted treatments for lung ca

A

egfr: tkis (geftitinib, erlotinib, afatinib, osimertinib)
alk: crizotinib
pdl1: immunotherapy (pembrolizumab, atezolizumab)

14 Onco (27 decks)

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