Cancer Nutrition Flashcards
cancer is the __ leading cause of death from the environment
4th
10 cancer prevention recommendations
read
t/f obesity is on its way to replacing tobacco as the number 1 preventable cause of cancer
true, esp for esophageal and endometrial ca
mechanisms linking obesity and cancer
- increased insulin and insulin like growth factor
- chronic low level or subacute inflammation
- high estrogen from fat tissue
- tumor growth regulators
effects of physical activity
- improves insulin sensitivity and reduces fasting insulin levels
- reduces circulating estrogen
- immunomodulatory effects
- decrease oxidative stress and enhance dna repair
- regulated hormones
- speeds food through colon
- prevents buildup of body fat
physical activity reduces the risk for ___
post-menopausal breast ca, crc, endometrial ca
protective effects of whole grains/ high fiber diets
- increased stool bulk and decreased transit time = decreased exposure of mucosa to putative offenders
- fibers bind carcinogens to protect
- maintain gut health to support immune system
fruits and vegetables are sources of ___
vitamins, phenols, and flavinoids
- inhibit carcinogen activating enzymes and dna damage
- have potentially bioactivie phytochemicals
vitamins that support immunity and health
- selenium
- vitamin d3
- omega 3 fa
- coq10
- vit b complex
- vit a c e
goals for diet re: whole foods
- at least 30 g of fiber per day
- wholegrain food
- at least 5 portions of sevings (400g) of non-starchy vegetables and fruit
pathophysio of eating fast food
- high fat intake increases the level of bile acids in the gut, modifies intestinal flora, favoring microaerophilic bacteria that increases gut inflammation
- bile acids / bile acid metabolites can be carcinogens
- high in saturated fat and directly stimulate tlr4 activation, releasing cytokines that cause gut inflammation and dysbiosis
pathophysio of consuming processed meat
- increased risk for crc (nitrites)
- high salt content = damage to stomach mucosal lining = inflammation, atrophy, and h pylori colonization
pathophysio in consuming red meat
- forms n-nitroso compounds and lipid peroxidation = CRC
- hemoglobin -> noc -> damage gut lining and cause dna mutations
- high temps -> heterocyclinc amines -> damage gut
processing method and mechanisms of increasing ca risk
table 2
goals and recommendations re: red meat
- moderate red meat
- very little if any processed meat
- no more than 3 potions per week (350-500 g cooked)
pathophysio of eating sugar
- chronic excess intake -> excess production of insulin and igf -> encourages cellular (tumor) growth
- increases bod fat = increased risk for common cancers
t/f sugar feeds cancer cells
false, its about taking a lot of sugar
direct and indirect effects of hyperglycemia
direct: increase dna mutations, increase tumor survival, increase proliferation, increase invasion and migration of cancer cells
indirect: excess production of hormones like insulin and igf that promote cell growth
behaviors that increase insulin levels
- consumption of refined sugar and flour
- overeating
- weight gain
- sedentary lifestyle
behaviors that reduce insulin levels
- physical activity
- weight loss
- unrefined carbs
t/f you can replace sugar with low calorie sweeteners rather than healthy options
false, should just drink water
t/f there is no strong evidence that sweeteners are linked to cancer risk in humans
true
t/f artificial sweeteners have no effect on the gut biome
false, can change it and cause metabolic endotoxemia
pathophysio of alcohol consumption
- releases acetaldehyde which is carcinogenic to some cells
- increased ros -> can induce oxidative stress -> genotoxic and carcinogenic
- solvent for cellular penetration of dietary or environmental carcinogen
- changes in hormone metabolism (inc estradiol)
4 ways alcohol can cause cancer
- damages cells
- increases damage from tobacco
- affects hormone linked to breast ca
- breaks down into cancer causing chemicals
t/f high dose beta carotene supplements may increase the risk of lung ca in current and former smokers
true, possible
t/f high dose supplements have not been able to demonstrate protective effects of micronuterients on cancer risk
true, do not use supplements for cancer prevention
when are supplements advisable
- vitamin b12 >50 yo
- iron and folic acid for pregnant
- vitamin d for infants, young children, pregnant, breastfeeding
- people with deficiencies
