Cancer Final

Question 1

the major difference between benign and malignant
neoplasms

Answer 1

The ability of cells to invade and metastasize

Question 2

Cancer is characterized by

Answer 2

Dysfunction in cellular proliferation

Dysfunction in cellular differentiation

Question 3

Two major categories of cancer

Answer 3

• Solid tumors are associated with the organs from
  which they develop
• Hematologic cancers originate from blood cell-
  forming tissues

Question 4

define Carcinoma

Answer 4

Originate from embryonal ectoderm (skin and
glands) and endoderm (mucous membrane linings
of respiratory tract, GI tract, GU tract)

Question 5

define Sarcoma

Answer 5

Originate from embryonal mesoderm (connective
tissue, muscle, bon, and fat)

Question 6

define Lymphomas

Answer 6

Originate from hematopoietic system

Question 7

describe Histologic
Grading

Answer 7

Appearance of cells
and degree of
differentiation categorized by grades 1-4

Question 8

g1

Answer 8

mild dysplasia, well differentiated

Question 9

g2

Answer 9

moderate dysplasia, moderately differentiated

Question 10

g3

Answer 10

severe dysplasia, poorly differentiated

Question 11

g4

Answer 11

cells are immature/primative (anaplasia) and undifferentiated. Cell of origin is difficult to determine

Question 12

grade x

Answer 12

cannot be assessed

Question 13

describe the 4 stages of cancer

Answer 13

Stage 0: Cancer in situ
* Stage I: Tumor limited to
tissue of origin; localized tumor
growth
* Stage II: Limited local spread
* Stage III: Extensive local and
regional spread
* Stage IV: Metastasis

Question 14

Describe TNM Classification

Answer 14

Only used for solid tumors

• Tumor size and invasiveness (T)
• Presence or absence of regional
  spread to lymph nodes (N)
• Metastasis to distant organs (M)

Question 15

The ONLY DEFINITIVE DIAGNOSIS of
malignancy

Answer 15

Biopsy

Question 16

7 Warning Signs of Cancer:

Answer 16

• Change in bowel or bladder habits
• Any sore that does not heal
• Unusual bleeding or discharge
• Thickening or lump in breast or
  elsewhere
• Indigestion
• Obvious change of wart or mole
• Nagging cough or hoarseness

Question 17

3 Goals of cancer treatment

Answer 17

1. Cure
2. Control
3. Palliation

Question 18

4 different types of cancer surgery

Answer 18

• Curative
• Palliative
• Reconstructive
• Preventative

Question 19

how does Chemotherapy work

Answer 19

Kills or inhibits the reproduction of neoplastic
cells (cells that rapidly reproduce)

Question 20

how does Radiation Therapy work

Answer 20

• Involves therapeutic application
  of high-energy rays to tumors
• Damage to normal cells is the
  primary cause of side effects
  and toxicity

Question 21

Describe Neutropenia

Answer 21

Neutropenia occurs when the
Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC)
drops below 1,000.
The risk of infection is much higher
when the ANC < 500.
A healthy person has an ANC
between 2,500 and 6,000

Question 22

how to calculate ANC

Answer 22

50% of WBC

Question 23

a cancer pt NEEDS BLOOD, don’t just give erythropoietin IF ______

Answer 23

Hgb of 6.0 or below AND SYMPTOMATIC

Question 24

spontaneous bleeding happens when thromb is ______ and below

Answer 24

20k. Should be above 50k