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PHA2 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

How is cyclophosphamide activated?

A

Metabolized in the liver to active (prodrug)

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2
Q

What are the side effects of Cyclophoshamide?

A

Myelosuppression Common and well as STERILE HEMORRHAGIC CYSTITIS.

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3
Q

What is Chlorambucil used for?

A

Immunosuppressant and tx of chronic lymphocytic leukemia

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4
Q

How is melphalan excreted?

A

eliminated by plasma hydrolysis.

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5
Q

What is Melphalan used for?

A

Treatment of multiple myeloma

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6
Q

What is Lomustine used for?

A

CNS neoplasms (wide distribution)

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7
Q

What are the adverse effects of Lomustine?

A

myelosuppression, thrombocytopenia, chronic hepatotoxicity (but this is reversible)

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8
Q

What are the 2 platinum compounds that we know.

A

Cisplatin and Carboplatin

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9
Q

How do Platinum compounds work?

A

bind to DNA residues and cause cross-linking which prevent replication

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10
Q

What platinum compound can you NOT use in cats?

A

Cisplatin

causes fatal pulmonary toxicosis.

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11
Q

What are the two ways that Cisplatin is administered?

A
  1. preceded and followed by saline to reduce accumulation and nephrotoxicity
  2. biodegradable impregnated implants to provide slow release and minimize systemic effects
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12
Q

What is Carboplatin used for?

A

It is the Cisplatin for cats.

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13
Q

What type of drug is doxorubicin?

A

Cytotoxic antibiotic

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14
Q

How does Doxorubicin work?

A

interrupts normal cell unwinding of DNA but non cell-cycle specific.

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15
Q

What neoplasms are treated with doxorubicin?

A

Lymphoma, carcinomas, and osteosarcoma.

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16
Q

How often is Doxorubicin given?

A

every 2-3 weeks

17
Q

Possible adverse effects of Doxorubicin?

A

Myelosuppression, GI side effects, and a chronic irreversible dose-dependent cardiomyopathy in certain big breeds of dogs.

*cats may exhibit nephropathy

18
Q

What type of drug is Vincristine? How does it work?

A

Microtubule inhibitor

binds to tubulin on the mitotic spindle and prevents cell division during metaphase of mitosis

19
Q

What neoplasms are treated with Vincristine?

A

lymphoreticular neoplasms, carcinomas, sarcomas, and TVT

20
Q

What are two antimetabolites that we know.

A

Methotrexate and Cytosine arabinoside.

21
Q

How do antimetabolites work?

A

Impair DNA synthesis during S-phase of cell cycle

22
Q

What is methotrexate used for?

A

some neoplasms and immunosuppresion

*check for drug drug interxns

23
Q

What is cytosine arabinoside used for?

A

lymphoreticular neoplasms *good distribution to CNS

as well as granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME)

24
Q

What type of drug is Toceranib?

A

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor

25
Q

How does Toceranib work?

A

Targets and inhibits tyrosine kinase growth factor (KIT) interfering with mast cell proliferation and most effective in G1 phase.

26
Q

What does Toceranib treat?

A

grade 2 or 3 mast cell tumors

27
Q

How does L-Asparaginase work?

A

hydrolyzes L-asparagine to inhibit protein synthesis in neoplastic cells and taking away the AA they need.

28
Q

WHat does L-asparaginase treat?

A

Part of a multidrug protocol for lymphoma

29
Q

What are the major adverse effects for L-Asparaginase?

A

Anaphylaxis and pancreatitis.

30
Q

What vaccine is available in veterinary oncology?

A

Melanoma vaccine used to treat dogs with oral melanoma.

Ot stimulates an immune response against the melanoma protein tyrosinase

31
Q

What is Piroxicam used for and how does it work?

A

NSAIDS (COX2 inhibitors) irreversibly inhibit cyclo-oxygenase and are used in canine carcinomas especially TransitionalCC

32
Q

What are Biphosphonates used for and how do they work?

A

They are osteoclast inhibitors that are used to treat bone neoplasms (osteosarcoma, metastatic bone disease, multiple myeloma) and also for the management of hypercalcemia of malignancy

33
Q

How does prednisone work against cancer?

A

suppresses mitosis in lymphocytes therefore treats lymphoreticular neoplasias.

34
Q

What should you be aware of when using prednisone for cancer?

A

it can ‘mask’ the cancer, dont use empirically.

Also can induce resistant cancer sells so use in a multidrug chemotherapy protocol.

35
Q

What are the four aylating agents we have learned.

A

Cyclophosphamine.
Chlorambucil.
Melphalan.
Lomustine.

PHA2 (9 decks)

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