Cancer

Question 1

Modifiable Risk Factors forPreventing Cancer

Answer 1

smoking, excessive body weight, lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating habits, alcohol consumption, and excessive exposure to the sun

Question 2

Two types of genes that can be affected by mutation are

Answer 2

1) Proto-oncogenes

2) Tumour suppressor genes

Question 3

Pathogenesis of Cancer Metastasis

Answer 3

• primary tumor
• proliferation/angiogenises
• invasion/detachment
• embolism/circulation
• treansport
• arrest in organs
• adherance to vessel wall
• extravassation
• establishment of a microenvironment
• proliferation/angiogensis
• metastasis

Question 4

Tumours can be classified by

Answer 4

Anatomical site
Histological analysis 
--Grading severity
Extent of disease
--Staging

Question 5

Four grades of abnormal cells

Answer 5

Grade I
Cells differ slightly from normal cells and are well differentiated.

Grade II
Cells are more abnormal and moderately differentiated.

Grade III
Cells are very abnormal and poorly differentiated.

Grade IV
Cells are immature and primitive and undifferentiated.
Cell of origin is difficult to determine.

Question 6

Clinical staging classifications

Answer 6

0: Cancer in situ
I: Tumour limited to tissue of origin; localized tumour growth
II: Limited local spread
III: Extensive local and regional spread
IV: Metastasis

Question 7

COLLABORATIVE CARE

Answer 7

• The goal of cancer treatment is cure, control, or palliation.
• The goals of cure, control, and palliation are achieved through the use of four treatment modalities: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and biological therapy.

Question 8

The 4 Rs

Answer 8

• Repair of cellular damage,
• Redistribution of cells in the cell cycle
• Repopulation with normal cells
• Reoxygenation of hypoxic tumor area.

Question 9

Radiation effects

Answer 9

• Fatigue, anorexia,
bone marrow suppression,
skin reactions – erythema, dry reactions, alopecia
oral oropharyngeal and esophageal reactions
• Pulmonary effects
• GI effects
• Reproductive effects

Question 10

Etiology of cancer

Answer 10

• Exposure to Carcinogens
• Genetic Predisposition
• Altered Immunity