cancer Flashcards
how do most cancers arise?
from the accumulation of mutations in various genes controlling cell growth and/or cell death
what is DNA damage?
its an alteration in the physical or chemical structure of DNA
what happens if DNA damage isnt repaired?
apoptosis
senescence
mutation
what are the 4 types of genes that, if mutaed, can cause cancer?
- proto-oncogenes
- tumor supressor genes
- DNA repair genes
- genes for apoptosis
what can induce DNA damage?
cellular metabolism
- ROS (byproduct of ETC)
- activation of phagocytes
- peroxisomes (byproducts of lipid metabolism)
exogenous sources
-chemicals like pollution, alcohol ect.
what is the “two hit”model of cancer?
what is the type of cancer that arises from this?
in sporadic cancers can arise as a result of two mutaions in two non-mutated genes, one mutation in each gene resulting in cancer
-in inherited cancer, youre already born with one of these mutations and so it only takes one mutation of the non-mutated copy to develop cancer
what are the hallmarks of cancer?
- self-sufficiency in growth signals
- evading apoptosis
- insensitivity to anti-growth signals
- sustained angiogenesis
- limitless replicative potential
- tissue invasion and metastasis
