CAMTASIA: Digestion of Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Calcium, Iron

Question 1

____ amylase first begins to break down nutrients in the ____

Answer 1

Salivary, stomach

Question 2

____ amylase is released into the duodenum to break down complex starches into ____

Answer 2

Pancreatic, disaccharides

Question 3

____, ____, ____ are found in the brush borders of the duodenum and break down maltose, sucrose, and lactose respectively.

Answer 3

Maltase, sucrase, lactase

Question 4

Maltose is broken down to ____

Answer 4

Glucose

Question 5

Sucrose is broken down to ____

Answer 5

Glucose, fructose

Question 6

Lactose is broken down to ____

Answer 6

Glucose, galactose

Question 7

T/F The breakdown of the monomers, glucose, fructose, and galactose happens far from their absorptive surfaces.

Answer 7

FALSE. The hydrolytic enzymes that break them down are found within the wall where the absorption takes place.

Question 8

T/F You need a transporter to move the monomers into the cell, but they can move down their concentration gradient when they move into the interstitium

Answer 8

TRUE

Question 9

The venus return of the carbohydrate nutrients int the GI tract takes the nutrients directly to the ____

Answer 9

Liver

Question 10

The digestion of fats is done ONLY by ____

Answer 10

Pancreatic lipase

Question 11

Most fats as they reach the intestines are in the form of ____

Answer 11

Triglycerides

Question 12

Pancreatic enzymes will cleave triglycerides into ____ and ____

Answer 12

Fatty acids, monoglycerides.

Question 13

T/F Fats need a transporter to move into the cell.

Answer 13

FALSE. They are lipid soluble.

Question 14

When do monoglycerides and fatty acids turn back into triglycerides?

Answer 14

When they are moved into the cell.

Question 15

After triglycerides are formed in the cell, they are incorporated into a ____ when they join other fat soluble substance such as ____, ____, ____

Answer 15

Chylomicron, cholesterol, fat soluble vitamins, phospholipids.

Question 16

After the chylomicrons are exocytosed into the interstitium, most are picked up by the ____ with only some being taken up by the ____

Answer 16

Lymphatic system, portal vein to the liver

Question 17

Proteins coming into the stomach are in the form of ____

Answer 17

Long polypeptides

Question 18

T/F Proteins are mechanically, chemically, and enzymatically broken down in the stomach by the motion of the muscle walls (mechanical) as well as hydrochloric acid (chemical) as well as pepsin (enzymatic)

Answer 18

TRUE

Question 19

____ turns to pepsin in the acidic environment of the stomach.

Answer 19

Pepsinogen

Question 20

____ is important for the reabsorption of vitamin B12

Answer 20

Intrinsic factor

Question 21

Proteolytic enzymes are released from the pancreas in the duodenum in the form of ____

Answer 21

Zymogens

Question 22

____ cleaves to ____ and then is responsible for converting all other ____ to active enzymes so they can break down the proteins.

Answer 22

Trypsinogen, trypsin, zymogens

Question 23

Proteins are broken down into ____ or ____ or ____

Answer 23

individual amino acids, dipeptides, tripeptides

Question 24

Amino acids do/do not need a cotransporter (Na+) to enter the epithelial cell.

Answer 24

DO.

Question 25

Amino acids move into the interstitium by means of ____

Answer 25

Facilitated transport

Question 26

Once in the interstitium, amino acids are either taken up into the ____ system or are taken into the ____

Answer 26

Lymph, portal vein

Question 27

Di/tripeptides enter the epithelial cell via a ____ and are then broken down into the ____ once in the cell.

Answer 27

Hydrogen symporter, amino acids

Question 28

Calcium absorption is regulated by the intracellular synthesis of ____, a calcium binding protein.

Answer 28

Calbindin

Question 29

Iron absorption is regulated by the intracellular synthesis of ____, a ferrous (iron) binding protein.

Answer 29

Ferritin

Question 30

More calbindin means ____ calcium will be absorbed.

Answer 30

More

Question 31

More ferritin means that ____ iron will be absorbed.

Answer 31

Less

Question 32

Calcium absorption is under ____ control

Answer 32

Hormone

Question 33

Iron absorption is controlled by ____

Answer 33

Plasma levels

Question 34

T/F Calcium enters the cell already bound to calbindin.

Answer 34

FALSE. Once it enters, it binds to calbindin.

Question 35

Calcium leaves the cell via a ____ or ____

Answer 35

Calcium ATPase pump, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger

Question 36

Active ____ increases absorption of calcium by increasing ____ and ____ activity.

Answer 36

Vitamin D, calbindin, calcium ATPas pump

Question 37

Once calcium is bound to calbindin within the cell, it is transported to what membrane?

Answer 37

Basolateral

Question 38

Calcium enters the cell via ____

Answer 38

Diffusion. It is gradient based.

Question 39

We only absorb about ____% of the iron that is ingested.

Answer 39

10%

Question 40

An increase in plasma iron leads to an ____ in ferritin synthesis leading to an ____ in binding and a ____ in transport across the membrane into the vasculature and thus a ____ of iron in the blood.

Answer 40

Increase, increase, decrease, decrease

Question 41

There are ____ ways to transport iron into the epithelial cell.

Answer 41

2. Ferrous and Ferric forms.

Question 42

A higher concentration of ferritin means ____ iron will be available to be transported out.

Answer 42

Less

Question 43

_____ and ____ stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl and intrinsic factor

Answer 43

Gastrin, ACH

Question 44

____ potentiates the actions of gastrin and ACH

Answer 44

Histamine

Question 45

____ and ____ inhibits the parietal cells

Answer 45

Prostaglandins, somatostatin