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la medicine > Calf diseases > Flashcards

Calf diseases Flashcards

1
Q

How to prevent disease transmission between calves

A

PREVENT DISEASE TRANSMISSION
Clean, dry, out of wind, bedding
Do NOT overcrowd
Indoor – Winter
Outdoor-Spring, Summer
Calving pen to nursing pen
NEVER other way around
Prevent older calves from infecting younger calves
Several different cohort nursing pens
Isolate diseases to one pen
Immediate isolation of sick calves

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2
Q

When does colostrum need to be given in calves

A

Most absorption <6 hours
Complete gut closure at 24 hours

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3
Q

Closely monitor what for calve health

A

Calves of heifers
Poor colostrum production
Poor bonding
Difficult Labour/pulled/c-section
Maladjustment syndrome (“Dummy”calves)

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4
Q

Colostrum sources

A

From cows on site
Antibodies to pathogens on farm
Commercial
Freeze-dried colostrum from immunity enhanced dairy cattle
Not ideal but better than nothing

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5
Q

How to administer colostrum if cattle arent sucking

A

Administer colostrum via orogastric or oroesophageal tube
Within 6-24 hours

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6
Q

Diseases of failure of passive transfer in cattle

A

Omphalophlebitis
Septic arthritis/physitis
Pneumonia
Diarrhea

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7
Q

Omphalophlebitis (“Navel Ill”) in calves is and symptoms

A

1-2 weeks old
Symptoms
Hot, swollen umbilicus
Hot to the touch
Purulent discharge
Liver abscess, bladder abscess
Bacteremia
Seed bacteria to lungs, joint

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8
Q

Omphalophlebitis (“Navel Ill”) treatment in cattel

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics
Surgery

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9
Q

Septic Arthritis/physitis (“Joint Ill”) affects what calves and symptoms

A

1-2 weeks old
Symptoms
Sudden onset of non-weight bearing lameness
Hot, swollen joint
Often more than one joint affected
Otherwise bright and alert

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10
Q

Septic Arthritis/physitis (“Joint Ill”) treatment in calves

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics
Joint lavage

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11
Q

Pneumonia symptoms in calves

A

Tachypnea
Coughing
Fever
Reduced growth rate

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12
Q

Causes of pneumonia in calves

A

FPT
Bacterial
Viral
Aspiration during bottle feeding
Indoor housing

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13
Q

Treatment and prevention of pneumonia in calves

A

Treatment
Broad-spectrum Abs
Prevention
Improved management techniques
Vaccination of pregnant cows
Ensure colostrum intake

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14
Q

Diarrhea (“Scours”) causes in calves

A

FPT
Bacterial
Viral
Parasitic

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15
Q

Treatment of scours in cattle

A

Specific- Depends on cause
Bacterial – antibiotics
Parasitic – coccidiostats
General- Fluid therapy

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16
Q

How to help stop scours spreed between calves

A

Highly infectious!
Separate affected calves to prevent transmission
Good biosecurity measures
Move from healthiest to sickest calves
Change clothing/boots before returning to healthy calves
Keep sick calves in isolation

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17
Q

Enterotoxogenic E. Coli diarrhea in calves

A

< 7 days old
Secretory diarrhea secondary to toxins
Profuse, watery diarrhea
Rapid dehydration

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18
Q

Clostridium perfringens diarrhea in calves

A

< 7 days old
Bloody diarrhea
Straining

19
Q

Salmonella spp. diarrhea in calves

A

2-12 weeks of age
Bloody diarrhea
Zoonotic!

20
Q

Viral diarrhea in calves

A

Rotavirus, coronavirus
> 4 days old
Attacks intestinal villa
Maldigestion and malabsorption diarrhea

21
Q

Cryptosporidium sp. diarrhea in calves

A

> 7 days old
Damages villi
Maldigestion and malabsorption diarrhea
Zoonotic!

22
Q

Coccidiosis diarrhea in calves is

A

1 month–12 months of age
Eimeria sp.
Normal feces, loose feces, bloody diarrhea
Reduced weight gain, weight loss, colic

23
Q

White muscle disease in calves is

A

Inadequate Vitamin E/Selenium in cow’s diet
Herd problem
Vitamin E/Selenium
Antioxidants–prevent muscle injury
Affects skeletal and cardiac muscles

24
Q

White muscle disease in calves symptoms

A

Mild
Weakness
Recumbency
Severe
Sudden onset symptoms
Recumbency
Tachycardia
Aspiration pneumonia
Impaired swallow reflex
Sudden death
Myoglobinuria

25
Q

Diagnosis of white muscle disease in calves

A

Hypovitaminosis E of serum of live calves
Necropsy
Liver tissue samples
Pale skeletal, heart muscle

26
Q

Treatment and prevention of white muscle disease in calves

A

Treatment
Vitamin E/Selenium injections affected calves
Prevention
Supplement cows
Administer Vitamin E/Selenium to all cows and calves

27
Q

Calf fluid therapy is used for

A

Regardless of cause, calf fluid therapy follows same basic structure
Must address:
Dehydration
Acidosis
Electrolyte loss

28
Q

Calf fluids for dehydration

A

Loss of fluids causing hypovolemia of the systemic circulation
Prolonged skin tent
Eyeball recession

29
Q

Calf acidosis

A

Loss of bicarbonate in feces
Increased motility
Systemic acidosis

30
Q

Calf electrolyte loss

A

Loss of sodium, potassium, magnesium
Increased motility

31
Q

<5% dehydration signs in calves

A

Normal demeanor
No eyeball recession
<1s

32
Q

Mild (6-8%) dehydration signs in calves

A

Slightly depressed
2-4mm eyeball recesion
2-4s skin tent

33
Q

Moderate (8-10%) dehydration in calves signs

A

Depressed
4-6mm eyeball recession
4-6s skin tent

34
Q

Severe (10-12%) dehydration signs in calves

A

Comatose
6-8mm eyeball recession
>6s skin tent

35
Q

Oral fluids in calves are used when

A

<8% dehydrated
Still standing
Suck reflex
Gastric motility
Strong suckle –bottle
Prevent aspiration pneumonia
Weak suckle–oroesophageal feeder
Oral electrolyte solution
Alkalinzing agent
Glucose
Osmolarity of at least 60 mmol/L
Calf-Lyte II
1 package per 2 L of warm water
Twice a day mild dehydration
Supplement with milk

36
Q

Estimate base deficient when standing, alert, strong suckle, no dehydration in calves

A

< or = 8days old is 0mmol/L deficit
>8days old 5mmol/L deficit

37
Q

Estimate base deficient when calve is standing, depressed, weak suckle, slight dehydration

A

< or = to 8 days old 5mmol/L deficit
> 8days old 10 mmol/L deficit

38
Q

Estimate base deficient when calve is sternal, depressed, no suckle

A

< or = 8 days old deficit of 10mmol/L
>8 days old deficit of 15 mmol/L

39
Q

Estimate base deficient when clave is lateral depressed and no suckle

A

< or = 8 days old deficit of 15 mmol/L
> 8 dyas old deficit of 20mmol/L

40
Q

How to Administer Fluids via an Oroesophageal Feeder in calves

A

Position the calf in sternal, or back it into the corner if it is still standing.
Point the nose so the neck is straight and parallel with your non-dominant hand.
This will decrease the likelihood of accidentally passing the tube into the trachea.
Use your dominant hand to pass the end of the tube into the mouth and towards the back of the pharynx. The calf will swallow and make chewing motions as the tube is passed.
Continue to gently pass the tube into the back of the pharynx as the calf swallows it.
Observe the tube passing into the esophagus on the left side of the neck. The end of the ball on the tube should be felt at the base of the neck.
The tube MUST be either confidently seen pass or felt with your non-dominant hand as it passes into the esophagus. If you are not confident with placement, remove the tube and try again
Two tube rule! Feel both the trachea and the oroesophageal feeder.
Elevate the bag containing the electrolytes or colostrum. Release the stopper and allow the fluid to gravity flow into the stomach while continuing to keep the head level to the ground or slightly elevated above the stomach with your non-dominant hand.
If the head does not remain slightly above the stomach, fluid could run out of the esophagus and be aspirated into the lungs.
When the fluid is finished being administered, close the stopper and remove the tube.
The stopper MUST be closed, or the tube kinked before removal to prevent aspiration of the fluid as the tube is being removed.

41
Q

IV fluids in calves are used when

A

> 8% dehydrated
Recumbent
No gut motility
No suck reflex
Add oral fluids when gut motility and suck reflex return
Blood gas to determine acidosis and electrolyte status
Unrealistic in field scenario
Sterile fluids, extension sets, additives
Unrealistic in herd outbreak scenario
Cost prohibitive

42
Q

Jugular vein is used for IV calve fluids when

A

Cut down to assess vein
Two people
More secure, fast administration

43
Q

Auricular vein is used for calve IV fluids when

A

No cut down
One person
Less secure, slower administration

44
Q

Homemade salin solution

A

Per 1L distilled water
Create osmolarity of 300 mmol/L
9 grams table salt (Sodium chloride) per litre
Correct acidosis
Determine base deficit
Determine how much mEq sodium bicarbonate needs to be added per litre
0.6 x base deficit x weight in kg (See Table slide 31 for base deficit estimation)
1 gram baking soda = 12 mEq of sodium bicarbonate

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