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LA medicine > Bull breeding soundness evaluation > Flashcards

Bull breeding soundness evaluation Flashcards

1
Q

Breading soundness exam is and preformed in

A

Performed yearly
May-June
Physical soundness
Semen quantity and quality
Serving capacity

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2
Q

Physical soundness for BSE in cattle

A

Observation
In holding pen
Entering raceway
Lameness
Can he walk far distances?
Visual deficits
Can he see?
Injuries
Is he too sore to mount?
Body condition
Is he too fat/thin?
Catch head in headgate
Check identification/tattoos
Leave head free in chute
Prevent bull from kneeling or lying down during electroejaculation

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3
Q

Scrotal exam in cattle

A

Gross abnormalities
Scrotal size

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4
Q

How to restrain for testicular evaluation

A

Ensure bull is well restrained
Post between anus and hocks
Reduces likelihood of kicking
Tap bull on hindquarters, inside of legs before touching scrotum

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5
Q

Palpating for abnormalities in bull testicles

A

Testicles,epididymides
Inguinal hernia
Evidence of frost bite, scars

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6
Q

Scrotal circumference effects what in cattle

A

Correlated with testicular weight
Larger testicles
More sperm = more service capacity
Daughters with increased fertility
Earlier puberty and longevity

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7
Q

How to get a scrotal circumference in bulls

A

Hold testicles in bottom of scrotum with thumb and forefinger at neck
Do NOT squeeze down
Testicular Evaluation
Place tape around widest part of scrotum
Tighten tape until junction of green and red indicator
Repeat 3 times
Take average measurement
Scrotal size dependent on bull age and breed

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8
Q

Gland evaluation in BSE

A

Palpate accessory sex glands and inguinal rings
Rectal exam–performed by a veterinarian
Inguinal rings
Hernia?
Accessory sex glands
Seminal vesiculitis?

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9
Q

Penis and Prepuce Evaluation in BSE

A

Prepuce
Prolapsed? Injuries? Ulcers/sores?
Penis
Corkscrew/deviations?
Warts?
Surgically removed if not too big and typically don’t return
Persistent frenulum
Can be snipped BUT is heritable so purebred breeders would cull these bulls from their program

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10
Q

Semen collection types

A

Electroejaculation or artificial vagina

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11
Q

Rectal massage for semen evaluation is used when

A

Rectal massage of ampulla
Labour intensive
Often do not protrude penis
Inaccurate volume, concentration, total sperm count
Use when
Electroejaculator is not available
Bull reacted negatively to electroejaculator in the past

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12
Q

When do you use a artificial vagina in bulls

A

Accurate parameters
Sperm concentration
Ejaculate volume
Total sperm count
Use to collect for frozen semen

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13
Q

electroejaculation probe looks like in bulls

A

Rectal probe
At least 30 cm length x 6 cm diameter
Larger probes for larger bulls
Electrodes facing ventral
U-shaped cradle for tail prevents rotation
Rheostat
Provides electrical stimulation
Inaccurate volume, concentration, total sperm

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14
Q

Electroejaculation is performed how in cattle

A

Electrical stimulation on nerves responsible for erection and ejaculation
Empty rectum of feces prior to insertion
Slowly increase stimulation in pulsations
2 seconds of simulation, 0.5-1 second of rest
Slight contraction of muscles of hindlimbs
Slightly increase stimulation with each pulse
Start very gentle with young bulls!
Collect semen in sleeve as bull ejaculates
Immediately evaluation semen for motility and estimated concentration
Pre- warmed slides!!
37oC

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15
Q

Very good concentration of bull semen looks like

A

Very Good = Cream, grainy– 750 million to 1 billion sperm/mL

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16
Q

Good concentration of bull semen looks like

A

Good = 2% milk–400 to 750 million sperm/mL

17
Q

Fair concentration of bull semen looks like

A

Fair = skim milk–250 to 400 million sperm/mL

18
Q

Poor concentration of bull semen looks like

A

Poor = translucent-<250 million sperm/mL

19
Q

What to do for concentration if bull semen os frozen

A

If freezing semen, then an absolute count with a hemocytometer must be performed

20
Q

Semen should move like in bull semen

A

Mass wave motion
Concentration
Percentage of progressively motile cells
Speed of progression

21
Q

How to test for motility in bull semen

A

1 drop of semen on a pre-warmed slide
Looks under 4x magnification
Progressive motility= Individual motility
Add drop of diluent (saline or semen extender)
Add coverslip
40x magnification
Observe individual sperm cells for progressive motility

22
Q

good semen motility under 4x

A

Slower swirls

23
Q

Very good bull semen motility

A

Rapid dark swirls

24
Q

Fair motility in bull semen

A

No swirls, but an individual cell motion

25
Q

Poor motility in bull semen

A

Little or no individual cell motion

26
Q

Very good percentage of motility in bull semen

A

> 70%

27
Q

Good percentage of motility in bull semen

A

50-70%

28
Q

Fair percentage of motility in bull semen

A

30-50%

29
Q

Poor percentage of motility in bull semen

A

<30%

30
Q

How to test morphology of bull semen

A

Eosin-nigrosin stain
1 drop of EN stain at frosted edge of slide
Add 1 drop of semen next to stain
Mix together with a wooden applicator stick
Spread to edge of slide with slight back and forth motion
Blow/wave slide to dry
Prevent artifact tail abnormalities
100x magnification

31
Q

What doe live and dead semen look like when stained

A

Dead–purple discolored
Live–white

32
Q

When is bull semen considered normal

A

Distal droplets
Abaxial tail
Tail does not come out of head centered.
>70% normal morphology to pass

33
Q

Service capacity of a <2 year old bull

A

15 cows per breeding season

34
Q

Service capacity of a bull >2 years old

A

30-60 cows per breeding season

35
Q

Service capacity variables in bulls

A

Libido
Ability to intromit
Competition/intimidation from other bulls

36
Q

For BSE bulls can be classified as

A

Satisfactory
Unsatisfactory
Deferred
Typical to wait at least 60 days prior to retesting deferred bulls (life cycle of sperm cells)

37
Q

Trich testing is

A

Trichomoniasis sexually transmitted protozoal infection which causes abortion in pregnant cows.
Protozoal parasite Tritrichomonas foetus (T. foetus)
Bulls carry it in their prepuce(smegma) and are asymptomatic carriers which transmit it to cows they breed

LA medicine (21 decks)

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