calcium metabolism

Question 1

hypercalcemia symptoms

Answer 1

1.inhibits opening of the na channels so decreases excitability
2. polyuria
3. short qt
muslce weakness
4. constipation and bowel hypomotility
5. kidney stones
5. dehydration due to kidneys filtering all thatcalcium which drags water along with it

Question 2

hypocalcemia symptoms

Answer 2

1. trousseas sign
   2.osteoporosis
   muslce cramping
   3.tetany - over excitement of na channels
   4.proolonged qt interval
2. pins and needles -paresthesia

Question 3

causes of hypercalcemia

Answer 3

endorcine:
hyperthyroidism (t4 acts on bone) or adenoma of parathyroid glands
adenoma of the pituitary glands

misscelanous
milk alkali
kindey failure- acute

granuloatous:
sarcodosis +TB

medications:
lithium
vit d

Question 4

causes of hypo

Answer 4

digeorge syndrome
hypopartahyroidims
thyroidectomy 
parathyroidectomy 
vit d deficiency 
radiation 
a deficiency of magnesium which helps make parathyroid hormone

Question 5

oppsite of osteoporosis

Answer 5

is osteopetrosis so increase in bone denisty bones are hard af