CABS: Obstructive Lung Diseases Flashcards
Atelectasis is:
squished or collapsed alveolar
Atelectasis causes
V/Q mismatch
(ventilation/ perfusion)
Ventilation =
tidal volume - dead space * RR
Perfusion =
CO
Atelectasis is associated with
Compression
Obstruction
Decreased surfactant
Atelectasis presentation
typically asymptomatic
may have SOB, cough, fever, elevated WBC
Obstructive Lung Diseases are
states in which it is difficult for the pt to get air OUT of the lung
Obstructive lung diseases examples are
COPD
Emphysema
Asthma
mechanical obstruction
ect..
COPD, unlike asthma, the changes are
irreversible
________ FEV1/FVC ratio in obstructive patterns
decreased/ lowered
Flow volume loop shows
one respiratory cycle
Restrictive lung diseases are
a state in which it is difficult for the patient to get air IN to the lung
Restrictive lung disease examples
ILD
Kyphosis
obesity
ect..
Emphysema is
a progressive destruction of alveolar membranes and dilation of distal airways
Bronchioles collapse more readily
Emphysema is more commonly associated with
smoking
Emphysema pathophysiology
pollutant inhaled
macrophage engulf the foreign substance
inflammatory activation
increased WBC - WBC release proteases
break down connective tissue surrounding the alveoli
Elastin typically helps
maintain shape and prevent collapse
decreased elastin in emphysema can lead to
increased airway collapse
air unable to get out during expiration – leading to air trapping
what part of the autonomic system causes bronchoconstriction
Parasympathetic
bleb is formed
tiny collapsed alveoli collection
bula is formed
blebs that collect together
_______ appearance shows with emphysema imaging
honeycomb
Emphysema presentation
dyspnea
PROLONGED EXPIRATORY PHASE
wheezing
barrel shaped chest
accessory breathing
decreased FEV1/FVC ratio
Chronic bronchitis is a obstructive airflow secondary to
thick mucus, mucus plugging
Chronic bronchitis is most commonly associated with
smoking
Pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis
exposure will cause irritation/ inflammation
cellular damage, ciliary damage
over production of mucus
thickened airways and air trapping
Chronic bronchitis presentation
dyspnea - worse with exertion
decreased FEV1/FCV ratio
Lots of complications - pneumonia
Bronchiectasis is
considered a COPD but not - is an abnormal dilation of the bronchi
may be genetic or associated with changes after infection
Asthma is
chronic reversible inflammatory condition
airways constrict secondary to inhalation of some noxious stimuli
Bronchiectasis presentation
productive cough
foul smelling sputum, purulent
hemoptysis
Common triggers of asthma
allergens
cold
exercise
illness
pets
stressed/ anxiety
etc
asthma pathophysiology
trigger activated activation of dendritic cells
activated T cells and releases interleukins
activation of mast cells
histamine production
inflammatory mediators in asthma cause
vasodilation - increased permeability leading to mucosal edema
histamines - causing bronchial smooth muscle bronchoconstriction –> air trapping
Asthma presentation
wheezing
chest feels tight
cough
prolonged expiration
hyper-expansion
Complications of asthma
chronic complications associated with repetitive cellular damage – fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis is an
autosomal recessive abnormality resulting in mutation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR protein) on chromosome 7
CFTR protein is
a chloride transport protein of the exocrine glands (increased level of chloride in sweat)
When there is an alteration of the CFTR protein
change in water concentration/ movement –>
thickening of the secretions (dehydrated) –> mucus plugs, increased proteases
