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Pulmonology > CABS: 1,000 ft View Pulmonology > Flashcards

CABS: 1,000 ft View Pulmonology Flashcards

1
Q

External canal leads to the

A

nasopharynx

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2
Q

Turbulence in the nasal cavity helps

A

keep the air warm

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3
Q

superiorly in the nasal cavity

A

cribriform plate

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4
Q

inferiorly in the nasal cavity is

A

hard palate

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5
Q

as air moves through the conchae it becomes

A

turbulent

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6
Q

hair filters the ____ in the nasal cavity

A

air

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7
Q

mucosa in the nasal cavity helps

A

with warmth and humidification

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8
Q

paranasal sinuses help with

A

humidification of air and contains mucus (traps foreign particles)

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9
Q

Pharynx is lined with ________ cells that continue to make ______ to humidify air

A

ciliated columnar cells
mucus

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10
Q

Nasopharynx is just for

A

air

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11
Q

Septum divides the _____

A

nairs

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12
Q

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx are the passage areas for

A

food and drink

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13
Q

uvula and soft palate of the oropharynx protect upper passages from backflow of

A

fluids

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14
Q

laryngopharynx will divide inferiorly into the

A

esophagus and trachea

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15
Q

Epiglottis will ________ so that food does not go into the _______

A

separate
trachea

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16
Q

Upper and lower respiratory tract is seperated by

A

cricoid cartilage

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17
Q

Tracheobronchial tree is _____ shaped cartilage ______ structure

A

U
ringed

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18
Q

Is U shaped for

A

movement and swallowing of food

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19
Q

Air enters the lungs at the

A

hilum

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20
Q

Hilum is

A

the entry and exit point from the lung parenchyma to attach to other structure

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21
Q

Respiratory tract is lined by

A

cilia

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22
Q

Cilia in the resp tract help

A

to push FB and microorganisms out (cough)

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23
Q

Goblet cells are

A

modified epithelial cells to produce mucin which will lubricate airways, trap molecules and humidify the inhaled air

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24
Q

Things mostly go down the right side of the carina into the right lung because it is

A

straighter

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25
Q

Bronchioles have 3 tissue layers

A

epithelial lining (containing goblet cells and cilia)
smooth muscle layer
connective tissue layer

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26
Q

Smooth muscle in the bronchioles are responsible for

A

bronchoconstriction
bronchodilation

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27
Q

Nasal cavity has

A

turbinates (to warm and humidify)
cilia

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28
Q

Carina splits ______ in two

A

trachea into right and left main bronchi

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29
Q

Bronchi keep branching and branching into

A

alveoli

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30
Q

alveoli are

A

thin elastic basement membrane to allow for good diffusion

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31
Q

smooth muscle around alveoli controls

A

airway resistance

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32
Q

Lung lobes

A

upper
lower
right middle

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33
Q

Search pattern on CXR (ABCDEF)

A

Airway (trachea, carina, bronchi)
Bones (clavicles, scapula, humeri, ribs, vertebra)
Cardiac and mediastinum
Diaphragm (symmetry, pleura)
Extras (lines, drains, wires, abdomen)
Fields (opacity, density)

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34
Q

CXR fluffy, patchy

A

alveolus +/- bronchiole

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35
Q

CXR linear

A

interstitium

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36
Q

CXR Blunted costophrenic angles, meniscus sign

A

Pleura

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37
Q

Ribs are attached to what part of your spine

A

Thoracic spine (makes less mobile)

38
Q

Ribs protect

A

lungs, pleura, trachea, esophagus, heart, diaphragm, part of the liver, and kidneys

39
Q

ribs are a flat bone: what happens in flat bones as an adult

A

hematopoiesis

40
Q

Neurovascular bundle in placed where in comparison to the ribs

A

inferiorly (in costal groove)

41
Q

Expand thoracic cavity for

A

inspiration

42
Q

internal intercostals pulls ribs inward to help with

A

expiration

43
Q

Diaphragm originates at _______ around rib ______ inner surface

A

xiphoid
7-12

44
Q

Diaphragm inserts at

A

L1-L3

45
Q

What nerve innervates the Diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerve

46
Q

Diaphragm is a _____ shape muscle, when its contracted (expanding) it

A

dome
flattens

47
Q

Diaphragm is important for

A

physical exertion and speech/singing

48
Q

Right side of the costophrenic angle is naturally higher because of the

A

liver

49
Q

blunted costophrenic angle =

A

fluid

50
Q

Pleural layers of the lung

A

visceral pleura
interpleural space
parietal pleura

51
Q

Inhalation diaphragm

A

contracts, moves down

52
Q

Exhalation diaphragm

A

relaxes, moves up

53
Q

Intra alveoli pressure =

A

0 mmHg

54
Q

Barometric pressure =

A

0 mmHg

55
Q

Intrapleural pressure =

A

-4 - -10 mmHg

56
Q

increasing intrathoracic pressure will _______ intrathoracic volume

A

decrease

57
Q

Thoracic volume ________ as the diaphragm flattens, external intercostals pull ribs ______ and _____

A

increases
up and out

58
Q

the net negative will cause air to be pulled _____ to the alveoli to equal out the pressure

A

in

59
Q

as volume increases, intra-alveolar pressure will

A

decrease (which gives net negative compared to barometric pressure)

60
Q

During expiration inspiratory muscles are ______ and ______ of lung and chest wall

A

relaxed
recoil

61
Q

As chest wall expands and lung/alveoli expands pressure will decrease causing air to

A

come in

62
Q

Alveoli is a

A

gas exchanging unit

63
Q

pores of kohn allow for

A

passage of air between the alveoli to share to air

64
Q

Two types of cell types in the alveoli

A

type 1 - squamous cells, provides structure
type 2 - secretes surfactant

65
Q

what is surfactant

A

lipoprotein that coats the inner lining of the alveoli to prevent them from collapsing on themselves

66
Q

who doesn’t have surfactant

A

premies

67
Q

What immune cell is in the alveoli?

A

alveolar macrophages

68
Q

When alveoli are damaged there’s a

A

decrease in surfactant (closes alveoli) and they are restructured (inflammation and scar tissue)

69
Q

the smaller the alveoli get the more likely they are to

A

collapse

70
Q

at ____ weeks is when we start making type 2 alveolar cells in prep for birth

A

20 weeks

71
Q

Pulmonary compliance is how

A

elastic the lung are (need good expansion and recoil to have good movement of air)

72
Q

Compliance = _______ / _________

A

lung volume / pressure

73
Q

Compliance will allow _______ movement/ volume of the thoracic cavity

A

increase

74
Q

Decreased compliance = decreased ability to

A

have the correct pressure gradients

75
Q

Hypoxia will trigger

A

vasoconstriction, allowing for blood to be shunted to more aerated areas within the lung

76
Q

if the entire lung is vasoconstricted it will result in

A

pulm HTN

77
Q

Ventilation = ________ * __________

A

ventilatory rate * volume per breath

78
Q

O2 is used for

A

Cellular metabolism –> ATP production

79
Q

Alveolocapillary membrane is where

A

gas exchange happens (abutting cappilary bed and alveolus)

80
Q

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A

how fast we want to get rid of O2

81
Q

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve: Right shift (what O2 is doing)

A

Heme gets rid of O2 faster and gives it to tissues

82
Q

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve: Left shift (what O2 is doing)

A

Heme hold onto O2 longer

83
Q

Right shift is called

A

Bohr effect

84
Q

Left shift is called

A

Haldane effect

85
Q

What is Dead space

A

the conducting airways (doesn’t participate in gas exchange)

86
Q

What is alveolar dead space

A

non-perfused alveoli

87
Q

V =

A

ventilation (air flow)

88
Q

Q =

A

perfusion (blood flow)

89
Q

Ventilation =

A

air within the alveoli (how much air is participating in gas exchange)

tidal volume - dead space * RR

90
Q

Perfusion =

A

Cardiac output = HR * SV

91
Q

V/Q is a ratio that tells us

A

about air intake or blood flow for gas exchange

Pulmonology (18 decks)

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