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psyc: exam 3 > c9: sleep, dreaming, and circadian rhythms > Flashcards

c9: sleep, dreaming, and circadian rhythms Flashcards

1
Q

what is a circadian rhythm and what are the 3 types

A

cycle of body activity/behavior that occurs over 24 hours. diurnal, nocturnal, crepuscular

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2
Q

diurnal

A

active in day, sleep at night

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3
Q

nocturnal

A

active at night, sleep during day

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4
Q

crepuscular

A

sleep day + night, active dusk + dawn

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5
Q

unihemispheric sleep

A

one brain hemisphere is active while the other is awake. seen in dolphins

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6
Q

zeitgebers

A

external stimuli that impact circadian rhythms (ie sunlight and temperature)

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7
Q

free-running clock

A

circadian rhythm without the influence of zeitgebers

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8
Q

chronobiology

A

branch of bio studying how time of day impacts biology, physiology, and behavior of organisms

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9
Q

describe the study by Michel Siffre studying free-running clocks

A

he lived in a cave for about 3 months with no natural sunlight / way to track time. every time he slept, ate, woke up, he would call his team to notify them. it was found that the free running clock of humans can go over 24 hours. can be followed by 14 hours of sleep

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10
Q

what is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus? what effects it?

A

establishes and maintains circadian rhythms. impacted by light information from the eye. explains how sunlight or lack of sunlight affects our sleep cycle

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11
Q

melanopsin

A

photopigment sensitive to blue light

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12
Q

describe the tau mutant hamster experiement. what part of the brain is invovled?

A

hamsters with the tau mutation in their genes have 20 hour circadian rhythms while normal ones have 24 hours +. when the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is destroyed and given the SCN of the other type of hamster, the circadian rhythm changes

ex: 20 hours cycle hamster with tau mutation gets their SCN destroyed, given SCN of normal hamster, sleep cycle is normalized

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13
Q

pineal gland location and function. what controls it?

A

posterior to thalamus. secretes melatonin and is influenced by the SCN

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14
Q

polysomnography. 3 types of polysomnography

A

instruments used in sleep labs to measure sleep. eog, ecg, eeg

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15
Q

electrooculargram (EOG)

A

measures eye movement

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16
Q

electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

measures heart rate

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17
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

measures electrical activity in brain during sleep

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18
Q

types of brain waves

A

alpha, beta, theta, delta

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19
Q

what are the stages of sleep

A

nrem1 - 3, REM

20
Q

describe n1 sleep

A

transition from awakeness to light sleep, muscle jerks and dream like throughts

21
Q

describe n2 sleep (wave and physiological characteristics)

A

light sleep, neurons in brain are more synchronized, sleep spindles and k-complexes, little eye movement

22
Q

sleep spindles

A

bursts of high freq waves

23
Q

k complexes

A

high voltage brain spikes in the first stages of sleep

24
Q

describe n3 sleep (wave type and description of wave)

A

slow wave sleep. theta and delta waves. no muscles movement

25
Q

describe rem sleep. physiological and brain wave characteristics

A

rapid eye movement, high sympathetic NS activity (^ heart rate, blood pressure, breathing), high freq, low amp. brain is active, body is paralyzed

26
Q

REM rebound

A

after sleep deprivation, time in REM increases at the next opportunity to slep

27
Q

ventrolateral preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus (VLPO)

A

part of the hypothalamus with inhibitory GABA sensitive neurons. promotes sleep, inhibit areas of the brain with GABA (inhibitory NT)

28
Q

what does the locus coeruleus do? how is it involved in sleep

A

part of the brain involved with arousal/sleep due to norepinephrine. receives inhibitory NTs (GABA) in order to fall asleep. low activity when asleep, high activity when awake

29
Q

where is the locus coeruleus located

A

dorsal pons

30
Q

what is the role of the raphe nucleus and what does it do?

A

part of the brainstem sensitive to serotonin. role in sleep/wake cycle.

31
Q

when does the raphe nucleus have high activity

A

wakeful hours

32
Q

ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO spike)

A

spike in activityof the LGN and occipital lobes during sleep. contributes to dreams

33
Q

what does adenosine do?

A

helps to create sleepiness. longer time with no sleep = more adenosine. leads to drowsiness.

34
Q

why is sleep important (3 reasons)

A

1) a time to get rid of waste in the brain
2) consolidation of memories, supports learning
3) unimportant connections in the brain are weakened

35
Q

what did freud believe about dreams

A

dreams represent unconscious wishes

36
Q

activation-synthesis hypothesis

A

theory of dreaming where the cortex tries to make sense of the high activity that occurs in the brainstem during sleep. the dreams themselves do not have any meaning

37
Q

what is insomnia

A

difficulty staying/falling asleep

38
Q

sleep apnea

A

difficulty or interrupted breathing while sleeping

39
Q

what are the types of sleep apnea and what is the differences

A

obstructive sleep apnea: muscles in the back of the throat relax and block airways. physical/physiological reasons for airways being blocked

central sleep apnea: disruption in breathing due to the nervous system

40
Q

what is cataplexy

A

when muscle paralysis that happens during sleep occurs when the person is awake normally.

41
Q

what is narcolepsy

A

the feeling of being sleepy / loss of muscle control during waking hours. misconcepted as people randomly falling asleep

42
Q

parasomnias

A

sleep disorders involving abnormal movements, behaviors, or experiences in sleep (I.e hallucinations)

43
Q

sleep paralysis

A

inability to control muscles when awake in bed. can cause hallucination, “sleep paralysis demons”

44
Q

what happens to people with REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

A

a person acts out their dreams while in REM

45
Q

what are the two types of drugs involved in sleep

A

hypnotics and antihyponotics

46
Q

hypnotics

A

drugs that help induce or maintain sleep

47
Q

antihyponotics

A

drugs that prevents people from falling asleep

psyc: exam 3 (6 decks)

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