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psyc: exam 3 > c16: other neurological disorders, brain injuries, and brain pathologies > Flashcards

c16: other neurological disorders, brain injuries, and brain pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

what is schizophrenia

A

difficulty with reality, hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia

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2
Q

what are the 3 categories of schizophrenic symptoms? name and describe all

A

positive: things added to behavior (hallucinations, delusions)

negative: things removed/reduced in schizophrenia (reduced emotions)

cognitive: difficulty planning, keeping attention, organizing thoughts

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3
Q

what are the types of causes for schizophrenia

A

genetics and epigenetics (environment)

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4
Q

what is the genome wide association studies

A

investigates genetic markers for schizophrenia, specific genes that code for schizophrenia

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5
Q

what is the diathesis stress model

A

model of schizophrenia and other disorders where genes linked to specific disorders are expressed during stressful events

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6
Q

what happens in the brain during schizophrenia

A

decreased brain matter in frontal and temporal lobes, ventricles increases in gaps. all implies loss of neural tissue in brain

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7
Q

dopamine hypothesis

A

schizophrenia is due to overactivation of dopamine receptors

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8
Q

glutamate hypo-functioning hypothesis

A

schizophrenia is due to underactivation of glutamate in the brain

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9
Q

what are the two types of treatments for schizophrenia

A

typical and atypical antipsychotics

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10
Q

describe typical antipsychotics

A

dopamine agonists that treats schizophrenia

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11
Q

what are types of typical antipsychotics

A

chloropromazine and haloperidol

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12
Q

what are some side effects of typical antipsychotics

A

drowsiness, low sex drive, weight gain, tardive dyskinesia

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13
Q

what is tardive dyskinesia

A

severe side effect of typical antipsychotics. uncontrollable muscle twitching

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14
Q

describe atypical antipsychotics

A

medications that don’t work on everyone and doesn’t have as many severe side effects as typical antipsychotics

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15
Q

what is an example of an atypical antipsychotic

A

chlozapine, antagonist for serotonin and dopamine receptors

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16
Q

define senility

A

natural decline of movement, senses, and memory that happens during aging in a person

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17
Q

dementia

A

loss of cognitive function due to neurodegenerative diseases

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18
Q

what does alzheimer’s disease do? symptoms?

A

causes 60-70% of dementia. impacts long/short term memory and eventually causes death. can cause confusion and irritability

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19
Q

what are two factors of alzheimer’s disease

A

beta-amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangles

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20
Q

describe beta-amyloid plaque and how it causes alzheimer’s

A

amyloid precursor proteins (APP) is a type of protein that helps with the growth of neural tissue. enzymes cut up APP into fragments (beta amyloid) that clump together and create plaque. these clumps bind together and can destroy dendrites, axons, and cells in the brain

21
Q

describe neurofibrillary tangles and how it causes alzheimer’s

A

microtubules in brain cells act as support for cells. they are held together by tau proteins. these tau proteins later disintegrate and cause neurofibrillary tangles. no support from microtubules causes cells to die

22
Q

what is APOEɛ4

A

recessive allele that increases the likelihood of getting Alzheimer’s

23
Q

what is a seizure

A

uncontrollable excitation of neurons that can cause muscle contractions, confusion, and loss of consciousness

24
Q

what is epilepsy

A

a disease where a person has multiple seizures

25
Q

list and describe the types of seizures

A

partial seizures: starts at a specific location in the brain

generalized seizures: seizure that has no focal point of origin

26
Q

list and describe the types of partial seizures (2)

A

simple partial seizures: cause a behavioral/psychological response to that focal point (ie motor cortex)

complex partial seizures: starts at temporal lobe. causes dizziness, confusion, loss of consciousness, and memory loss. spreads to other areas of the brain

27
Q

list and describe the types of generalized seizures (2)

A

absence: seizure that lasts 15 sec. loss of consciousness with no memory of it

tonic-clonic seizure: most severe type of seizure. lasts for an extended period of time. muscle contractions and loss of consciousness

28
Q

what causes seizures

A

an imbalance of excitation and inhibition NTs (GABA)

29
Q

what type of drugs are used to treat seizures

A

anti-epileptic drugs

30
Q

what is a tumor

A

a group of cells that grow uncontrollably

31
Q

what are the two types of seizures? describe them

A

benign tumor: slow growth, defined border

malignant tumor: fast growth, no border

32
Q

what is a stroke

A

when blood is unable to reach specific areas of the brain, causing glial cells and neurons to lose oxygen and glucose

33
Q

what is an ischemic stroke

A

when a blood vessel gets blocked

34
Q

what is a thrombus in an ischemic stroke

A

fatty deposits and cholesterol that narrow a vessel

35
Q

what is a hemorrhagic stroke

A

blood vessel leaks/ruptures, causing bleeding in the brain

36
Q

what is an open head injury

A

an injury where the skull is pierced or fractured

37
Q

what is a closed head injury

A

damage to the brain without the skull getting damaged

38
Q

what is a subdurla hematoma

A

a closed head injury where blood vessels tear and cause bleeding between the cortex and dura matter. bleeding in the brain

39
Q

what is a concussion? what are some symptoms

A

a mild traumatic head injury that temporarily affects the brain. due to striking or shaking of head

symptoms: dizziness, headaches, nausea, confusion, amnesia, visual problems

40
Q

describe a coup-contrecoup injury (coup = “coo”)

A

a brain injury where the brain bounces back and forth. the coup is the main injury / motion, contrecoup is the opposite side of the brain that gets injured

41
Q

what is a diffuse axonal injury

A

damage to long axonal tracts in the brain such as the corpus callosum. axon fibers break and bend

42
Q

what is post concussion syndrome? what part of the brain can it effect?

A

when symptoms of a concussion last longer than normal. can cause damage to the pituitary gland

43
Q

what is second impact syndrome

A

swelling/damage to the brain due to a second blow to the head. usually happens in sports (ie football player receiving 2 concussions)

44
Q

mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)

A

a brain injury where a person is dizzy for less than 30 mins or they don’t lose consciousness

45
Q

traumatic brain injury (TBI)

A

a closed or open head injury due to sports, car accidents, etc

46
Q

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

A

degenerative disease associated with repeated brain injury

47
Q

describe meningitis and its symptoms

A

a pathogen that infects the meninges in the brain and spinal cord

symptoms: headache, fever, stiff neck, confusion, hypersensitivity to light/noise

48
Q

how is meningitis diagnosed

A

lumbar puncture. a long needle is inserted to the spinal cord to extract cerebrospinal fluid. “spinal tap”

psyc: exam 3 (6 decks)

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