c12: emotions and stress

Question 1

what’s the difference between emotions and mood

Answer 1

emotions are short term, moods are long lasting

Question 2

what influences emotions

Answer 2

experiences and genetics

Question 3

james lange theory

Answer 3

we produce physiological responses to stimuli and interpret them (ex: bear > we see bear > heart beats fast > “My heart is beating. I’m scared”)

Question 4

cannon-bard theory

Answer 4

recognition of emotional state happens in sync and independently from physiological responses (ex: bear > see bear > heart beats and the feeling of being scared)

Question 5

schacter-singer theory

Answer 5

similar to james lange theory, but physiological reactions are interpreted differently depending on the context (bear in the wild > scared. bear in zoo > excited)

Question 6

misattribution effect

Answer 6

a reaction to one experience that may cause an emotional reaction to an unrelated stimulus (men on swaying bridge study)

Question 7

what are the different types of aggression

Answer 7

defensive and offensive. defensive for protecting territory, mates, etc. offensive for prey

Question 8

what emotion causes anxiety disorders

Answer 8

fear

Question 9

what part of the brain is involved in emotions

Answer 9

amygdala

Question 10

what part of the brain is involved in regulation of emotions/stress

Answer 10

hypothalamus

Question 11

how does the amygdala and hypothalamus work together

Answer 11

amygdala interprets stimuli, communicates to hypothalamus which creates NT’s in response

Question 12

lateral nucleus of the amygdala

Answer 12

part of the amygdala involved in associative learning for fear response / fear learning

Question 13

what does the central nucleus of the amygdala do

Answer 13

sends info to the brain in order to produce behaviors / emotional responses to fear

Question 14

contextual fear conditioning

Answer 14

learning to fear things such as a cage depending on the context of a situation

Question 15

stressor

Answer 15

events, experiences, or stimuli that put our body out of homeostasis, causing stress

Question 16

physiological stressor example?

Answer 16

sickness or injury

Question 17

psychological stressor example?

Answer 17

social situations, academics

Question 18

allostasis

Answer 18

the body adjusts to it’s environment. a form of homeostasis

Question 19

acute stress

Answer 19

stressors that quick (ex: hit by a car)

Question 20

chronic stress

Answer 20

long lasting stressors

Question 21

distress

Answer 21

forms of stressors that cause damage to the brain or body. can be linked to neurological disorders

Question 22

eustress

Answer 22

stressors beneficial for the body (ie exercise)

Question 23

what is the sympathetic medullary pathway (SAM)? what 3 parts of the brain are involved?

Answer 23

fight or flight pathway / response in the brain. includes the hypothalamus, medulla, and brainstem

Question 24

what is the role of norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress / fear?

Answer 24

increase arousal and focus attention to threat

Question 25

where does slow stress response release NTs (3 parts)

Answer 25

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal cortex

Question 26

how does the sympathetic nervous get system impacted by stressors

Answer 26

increased heart rate and blood pressure, opened airways, digestive system inhibited

Question 27

what does hpa axis stand for? what is it involved in?

Answer 27

hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis. involved in slow responses to stress

Question 28

glucocorticoids.where are they released from

Answer 28

hormones like cortisol that are released from the adrenal gland

Question 29

psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 29

a field in neuroscience involved in how experiences and stressors impact our immune system

Question 30

what are some negative effects of chronic stress (3)

Answer 30

1. suppressed immune system
2. damage to blood vessels/heart
3. impaired memory

Question 31

what are some positive effects of chronic stress

Answer 31

improves adrenaline (ie watching a scary movie), increased heart rate for dangerous situations, remembering specific dangers

Question 32

explain the impact of adverse childhood experiences

Answer 32

children with trauma early in life experience health issues in the future due to the chronic stress caused

Question 33

electrodermal activity (EDA)

Answer 33

measure of sweat associated with stress and arousal

Question 34

facial electromyography (EMG)

Answer 34

measure of facial expression associated with specific emotions

Question 35

what is heart rate variability (HRV)? what level of variability indicates stress?

Answer 35

measure of variability in time between heart beats. less variability = stress/concentration