C9 Musculoskeletal Diseases and Disorders Flashcards
What are the main components of the musculoskeletal system?
Bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, and tendons
What is the primary function of the skeleton?
Shapes the body, provides physical support, protects organs, responsible for blood cell formation and mineral storage
What are the two types of bones?
- Compact: dense, hard tissue found in shafts of long bones
- Spongy: less dense, found at the end of long bones
What are the three types of muscles?
- Skeletal/Voluntary: consciously controlled
- Smooth/Involuntary: not consciously controlled
- Cardiac: combination of both, involuntary contracts
Define osteoporosis.
Metabolic bone disease where bones become brittle, porous, and vulnerable with normal bone mineral to matrix proportion but abnormal composition
What are common risk factors for osteoporosis?
- Age over 50
- Post-menopause
- Calcium intake
- Diet
- Alcohol consumption
- Vitamin D deficiency
- Estrogen deficiency
What are the symptoms of osteoporosis?
- Asymptomatic
- Fractures
- Bone pain (lower back)
- Loss of height
- Kyphosis
What diagnostic test is commonly used for osteoporosis?
DEXA scan
What treatments are recommended for osteoporosis?
- Increase intake of calcium and phosphorus
- Multivitamins
- Exercise
Define osteomyelitis.
Acute and chronic infection of the bone-forming tissue characterized by edema, inflammation, and circulatory congestion
What are the common symptoms of osteomyelitis?
- Sudden onset of fever
- Chills
- Malaise
- Sweating
- Pain
- Swelling over affected bone
- Fatigue
What diagnostic methods are used for osteomyelitis?
- Physical examination
- Blood culture for microorganisms
- X-rays and MRI
- Bone biopsy (last confirmation)
What are the treatments for osteomyelitis?
- Antibiotics
- Tissue and bone grafts
- Analgesics
Define osteoarthritis.
Chronic inflammation process of the joints and bones resulting in degeneration of joint cartilage and bone
What are the common symptoms of osteoarthritis?
- Joint pain
- Swelling
- Crepitation
What diagnostic methods are used for osteoarthritis?
- Physical examination
- X-ray or MRI
What treatments are available for osteoarthritis?
- Anti-inflammatories
- Physical activity restriction (debated)
- Local heat or cold
- Physical therapy
Define rheumatoid arthritis.
Chronic, systemic, inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple joints, often autoimmune
What are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?
- Joint pain
- Malaise
- Low-grade fever
- Fatigue
- Weight loss
What diagnostic tests are used for rheumatoid arthritis?
- Rheumatoid factor blood test (ELISA)
- ESR
- CBC
- Synovial fluid analysis
- X-ray
What treatments are available for rheumatoid arthritis?
- Anti-inflammatory drugs
- Corticosteroids
- Surgery to cut connective tissue preventing ankylosis
Define gout.
Chronic disorder of uric acid metabolism characterized by uric acid crystals appearing in the synovial fluid of joints
What are the symptoms of gout?
- Sudden onset of joint pain (big toes)
- Hyperuricemia
- Tophi
- Renal dysfunction
What diagnostic methods are used for gout?
- Identification of urate crystals in joint fluids
- Urinalysis
- ESR
- X-ray
What treatments are available for gout?
- Bed rest
- Local heat or cold
- Analgesics
- Corticosteroids
- Diet + fluid
Define myasthenia gravis.
Chronic, progressive neuromuscular disease causing sporadic weakness and exhaustion of skeletal muscle due to autoimmune response
What are common symptoms of myasthenia gravis?
- Skeletal muscle weakness
- Fatigue
- Blepharoptosis
- Double vision
- Dysphagia
What diagnostic tests are used for myasthenia gravis?
- Neuro exam
- Electromyography
- IV of edrophonium
- MRI or CT scan
What treatments are available for myasthenia gravis?
- Anticholinesterase drugs
- Thymectomy
- Corticosteroids
Define systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Chronic inflammatory connective tissue disorder that is autoimmune in nature
What are the symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Butterfly rash
- Photosensitivity
What diagnostic tests are used for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
- CBC
- ESR
- Anti-Nuclear Antibody Test (ANA)
What treatments are available for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
- Anti-inflammatories
- Corticosteroids
Define fibromyalgia.
Chronic condition characterized by pain in muscles, ligaments, and tendons
What are common symptoms of fibromyalgia?
- Constant pain
- Dull muscle ache
- Tender points
- Fatigue
- Cognitive difficulties
What diagnostic criteria are used for fibromyalgia?
Widespread pain lasting more than 3 months
What treatments are available for fibromyalgia?
- Analgesics
- Antidepressants
- Physical therapy
