C15 Urinary Flashcards
Urinary System
-Responsible for the elimination of waste substances from the blood in form of
urine.
-Responsible for keep a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood
-Responsible for produce erythropoietin (hormone that helps in the synthesis of
RBCs)
Kidneys
-Critical regulating water, electrolyte and acid-base content of the blood
-Critical in regulating blood pressure
Chronic Kidney Disease-Description
Progressively dysfunction of the kidneys.
* There are five main stages based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR): in slides
End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)-Description
ESRD is a gradual, progressive deterioration of kidney function to
the point that the kidneys cannot sustain their functions.
-Kidney tissue is progressively destroyed and toxins are not excreted
(accumulated in the body).
-Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, pyelonephritis, obstruction of the urinary tract,
congenital anomalies, vascular disorders, infections, medications, toxins, etc
ESRD-Symptoms
-Oliguria (low urine)*
-Azotemia (high nitrogen-
containing compounds in blood)*
-Electrolyte imbalance
-Metabolic acidosis
-Drowsiness and lethargy
-Weight loss
-Easy bruising and
bleeding
-Mental confusion
-Pallor
ESRD-Dx
-History of chronic renal disease or predisposing disorder
-Elevated creatinine, potassium and BUN
-Low urine output
-Low Hb and Hct
ESRD-Treatment
-Dialysis
-Kidney transplantation
-Dietary restrictions (reduced protein, sodium, potassium)
-Blood transfusion
Bladder Cancer-Description
Tumors of the bladder from the epithelial lining of the bladder.
-Bladder tumors are staged according to their depth of penetration.
-Transitional cell carcinoma is the most common type in the US.
-Etiology: cigarette smoking. Risk factors: chemicals, radiation, chronic cystitis.
-Men>Women (50-70 yrs)
Bladder Cancer-Symptoms
*Asymptomatic
-Hematuria
-Frequent UTIs
Bladder Cancer-Dx
-History of exposure to carcinogens
-Urinalysis (to detect hematuria)
-Cystoscopy and biopsy
Bladder Cancer-Treatment
*Based on the extent
-Superficial: minimal invasive surgery
-Advanced: cystectomy
(elimination of the bladder)
-Radiation
-Immunotherapy
-Chemotherapy
Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)-Description
RCC is the most common type of kidney
cancer accounting for 90% of kidney cancers.
-Most often in individuals over age 40
-Unknown etiology. Risk factors: smoking, obesity,
hypertension, dialysis, chemicals, irritants (asbestos
or cadmium)
RCC-Symptoms
-Hematuria
-Side pain
-Lump or mass in the side or abdomen
-Weight loss
-Fever
RCC-Dx
Blood test:
-Abnormal BUN and creatinine
CT / MRI
Biopsy
RCC-Treatment
-Stage and spread of the cancer
-Surgery
-Arterial embolization
-Radiation, chemotherapy and
immunotherapy
