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GCSE Chemistry > C9 - Crude Oil and Fuels > Flashcards

C9 - Crude Oil and Fuels Flashcards

1
Q

What is Crude oil?

A

Thick Dark brown liquid found deep in the earths crust

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2
Q

What is a hydrocarbon made up of?

A

A molecule of Hydrogen and Carbon

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3
Q

What is the technique used for SEPERATING hyrdocarbons?

A

Distillation

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4
Q

If the Hydrocarbon molecule is longer, what happens to the boiling point?

A

It becomes higher

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5
Q

What is Crude Oil formed from?

A

Remains of dead Plants, Algae and animals, mainly plankton, from millions of years

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6
Q

Where in the fractionating column is the temperature the lowest?

A

The Top

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7
Q

Other than boiling point, how do the fractions of crude oil differ from each other?

A

Carbon chain length
Viscosity
Colour

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8
Q

Where are hyrdocarbons found?

A

Crude Oil

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9
Q

What is the general formula for the compounds found in crude oil?

A

CnH2n+2

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10
Q

What is the purpose of fractional distillation?

A

To seperate the different lengths of hydrocarbons

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11
Q

Give three example of fuels which are produced from crude oil that are used in our society

A

Petrol
Diesel
Bitumen (used for road surfacing)

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12
Q

Which hydrocarbon length is the most flammable?

A

The shortest ones

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13
Q

What differentiates an ALKANE and an ALKENE?

A

An Alkene has a double bond

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14
Q

What do you get when cracking a long-chain alkane?

A

A short-chain Alkane and an Alkene

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15
Q

Decribe a single bond hydrocarbon

A

Its an Alkane and it is Saturated

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16
Q

Describe a double bond hydrocarbon

A

It is an Alkene and is unsaturated

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17
Q

What is the test to find out if a hydrocarbon is an ALKENE?

A

Pour Bromine into a solution of Alkenes
If they decolourize the bromine it is an alkene

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18
Q

Why are hyrdocarbons used as fuels?

A

When they react with Oxygen, they release alot of energy

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19
Q

What is the reaction of Hydrocarbons and oxygen called?

A

Combustion

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20
Q

What does viscosity mean?

A

The thickness

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21
Q

What are the first four alkanes called?

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

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22
Q

What is cracking?

A

breaking down a hydrocarbon with a long chain into smaller molecules

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23
Q

Describe the reactivity of alkenes compared to alkanes

A

alkenes are much more reactive

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24
Q

What is complete combustion?

A

A hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water

Hydrocarbon + oxygen —> Carbon Dioxide + Water

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25
Q

Why is Crude Oil finite?

A

Since it takes millions of yeara to form, It will run out eventually

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26
Q

Why do we seperate different lengths of crude oils?

A

They have different properties that can be used for different things

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27
Q

What type of series are alkenes?

A

Homologous series

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28
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of organic compounds that react in a similar way

29
Q

What does it mean when ‘Alkanes are saturated compounds’?

A

Each carbon atoms forms four single covalent bonds

30
Q

What are the properties of a short hydrocarbon chain length?

A

More volatile - low boiling points
More flammable - easier to ignite
Less viscous

31
Q

What are the waste products of complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

Carbon dioxide and water vapour

32
Q

Why are hydrocarbons used as fuels?

A

they release alot of energy when they combust completely

33
Q

What process occurs during combustion?

A

Both carbon and hydrogen oxidise

34
Q

What can Oxidation also be defined as?

A

The gain of oxygen

35
Q

How are the different hydrocarbon lengths in Crude Oil separated?

A

By fractional distillation

36
Q

What type of fuel is Crude Oil?

A

A fossil fuel

37
Q

What conditions do the remains of plants, animals and algae have to be in to turn into crude oil?

A

High temperatures and pressure over millions of years

38
Q

How is crude oil extracted from the earth?

A

Its drilled up from the rocks

39
Q

Is crude oil a renewable resource or non renewable resourse?

A

Non renewable resource

40
Q

Why is Crude Oil a non renewable resource/fuel

A

They are being used up much faster than they are being formed

41
Q

What is the most common type of hydrocarbons?

42
Q

Why are the shorter chain hydrocarbons the best fuels?

A

They are the most flammable

43
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A

Feed the oil into a heating chamber so it turns to gas
Pass the gaseous mixture into a fractionating column
The bottom of the colomn makes the gases the hottest
As it rises up it reaches a lower region of temperature than its boiling point and turns into a liquid again
It varies for each chain length so they turn into liquid at different points
This seperates the different chain lengths

44
Q

Where in the fractionating column are small chain molecules collected?

A

At the top of the column as they have lower boiling points

45
Q

Where in the fractionating column are large chain molecules collected?

A

At the bottom of the column as they have higher boiling points

46
Q

What are ‘Petrochemicals’?

A

All the substances you get from crude oil

47
Q

What is ‘feedstock’?

A

Raw materials for the petrochemical industry

48
Q

What do you use feedstock to make in the Petrochemical industry?

A

Feedstock is used to make:
Solvents
Lubricants
Polymers
Detergents

49
Q

Why are sulfur impurities removed before petrol is burned in car engines?

A

Sulfer dioxide will be produced during combustion.
This can cause acid and respiratory problems

50
Q

Why is heavy fuel oil more viscous than keroscene

A

Heavy fuel oil has larger molecule size than keroscene
As molecular size increases, viscosity increases

51
Q

What conditions are needed to crack hydrogen molecules?

A

High temperatures
Steam
Catalysts

52
Q

Glass is made by heating sand with two other materials.
Which two other materials are used to make glass?

A

Limestone
Sodium carbonate

53
Q

Glass is made by heating sand with two other materials.
Which two other materials are used to make glass?

A

Limestone
Sodium carbonate

54
Q

Suggest two reasons why bitumen is not used as a fuel.

A

Its too viscous
Not very flammable

55
Q

Describe the conditions needed to crack hydrocarbon molecules from the
diesel oil fraction

A

Needs high temperatures with steam and catalysts

56
Q

What is the name of the monomer used to produce poly(propene)?

57
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

Any compound made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms only

58
Q

Why is an ester not a hydrocarbon?

A

It contains Oxygen (not only Carbon and Hydrogen)

59
Q

What does it mean when an alkane is described as saturated?

A

Each carbon atoms forms four single covalent bonds

60
Q

What are the waste products during the complete combustion of any hydrocarbon and oxygen?

A

Carbon dioxide + water vapour

61
Q

What type of reaction is cracking?

A

A thermal decomposition reaction - breaking molecules by heating them

62
Q

What type of bond does an alkane have?

A

C-C single bond

63
Q

What type of bond does an alkene have?

A

C=C double bond

64
Q

What makes an alkene unsaturated?

A

The C=C double bond means that the carbon can only share two hydrogen bonds instead of 4

65
Q

What are the first 4 alkenes?

A

Ethene, propene, butene, pentene

66
Q

What is incomplete combustion between hydrocarbons and oxygen?

A

When there is not enough oxygen in the air for complete combustion

67
Q

What are the waste products between in incomplete combustion between any hydrocarbon and oxygen?

A

Carbon + Carbon Monoxide + Water

68
Q

Why is incomplete combustion bad?

A

One of the waste products are Carbon Monoxide which is a poisonous gas

69
Q

What does incomplete combustion result in?

A

Carbon monoxide release
A smokey flame
Less energy released

GCSE Chemistry (15 decks)

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