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Chemistry > C9 Chemisty of the Atmosphere > Flashcards

C9 Chemisty of the Atmosphere Flashcards

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1
Q

How was the early atmoshphere formed?

A

volcanoes erupted and released lots of gasses

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2
Q

what was the early atmosphere made up of?

A

carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapor, methane, ammonia

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3
Q

when did the earth form?

A

approximately 4.6 billion years ago

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4
Q

condensed water vapor formed …….?

A

oceans

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5
Q

how was carbon dioxide removed from the early atmosphere?

A

it disolved in the oceans

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6
Q

what happened to disolved carbon dioxide?

A

it went through a series of reactions to form carbonate precipitates, that formed sediments on the sea bed

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7
Q

what did marine animals shells and skeletons contain?

A

carbonates from the oceans

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8
Q

why did green plants and algae absorb carbon dioxide?

A

so they could carry out photosynthesis

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9
Q

what happens when plants, plankton and marine animals die?

A

they fall to the seabed and get buried by layers of sediment

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10
Q

what happens after millions of years to layers of sediment?

A

they become compressed and form sedimentary rocks oil and gas, the carbon within them trapping

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11
Q

Fossil fuels is when:

A

coal, crude oil and natural gas are made through a process which involves trapping carbon within compressed sedimentary rocks

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12
Q

what are crude oil and and natural gas formed from

A

deposits of plankton

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13
Q

what is coal made from?

A

thick plant deposits

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14
Q

what is limestone made of?

A

calcium carbonate deposits from the shellls and skeletons made of marine organisms

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15
Q

what is photosynthesis?

A

when plants use light to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars.

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16
Q

as well as absorbing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, green plants and algae produce ……….. by ………….

A

oxygen by photosynthesis

17
Q

what happened when oxygen levels built up in the atmosphere over time?

A

more complex life (like animals) could evolve

18
Q

what is the composition of our moden atnosphere?

A

78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% other gasses

19
Q

what are some greehouse gasses?

A

carbondioxide
methane
water vapour

20
Q

how do greenhouse gasses work?

A

1) greenhouse gasses like carbon dioxide, methane and watervapour act like an insulating layer in the earths atmosphere - this allows the earth to be warm enough to support life
2) greenhouse gasses dont absorb the incomming short wavelength radiation from the sun - but they do absorb the long wavelength radiation that gets reflected back off the earth.
3) then they re-radiate in all directions - including back towards the earth
4) the long wavelength radiuation is themal radiation, so it warms the surface of the earth.

21
Q

what are some human activities that affect the amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere?

A

deforestation - few trees means less photosynthesis removing CO2 from the atmosphere

buring fossil fuels - carbon that was locked up in these fuels is released as CO2

agricullture - more farm animals produce more methane through their digestive processes

creating waste - more landfil sites and wates from agriculture means more CO2 and methane released by decomposition of waste

22
Q

why is it difficult to fully understand the earths climate?

A

its complex, there are so mant variables, and its very hard to make a model that isnt oversimplified

23
Q

what are some consequences of climate change?

A

an increase in temp:
ice caps melting
flooding
costal erosion

changes in rainfall patterns:
too much/ too little water
affect ability to produce food
frequcency and serverity of storms

24
Q

what is a carbon foot print?

A

a measure of the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses relased over the full life cycle of something

25
Q

what can have a carbon footprint?

A

service eg buses
event eg olympics
product eg toastie maker

26
Q

why is it hard to measure the total carbon footprint

A

there are so many difrent factors to consider eg for a product: manufacturing, use and disposal

27
Q

what are someways of reducing our carbon footprint?

A

1) renewable energy sources
2) more efficient processes that concerve and cut waste
3) goverment taxing on the amount of greenhouse gasses emitted
4) goverments putting a cap on emmisions of all greenhouse gasses
5) using technology that captures the CO2 produced by fossil fuels before its releases into the atmosphere

28
Q

why is it hard to reduce our carbon footprint?

A

goverments are worried that chamges will impact economic growth.
not everyone is on board so its hard to make international agreements to reduce emmisions

29
Q

how can people reduce their carbon footprint?

A

cyle or walk instead of using a car
reducing air travel
doing anything at home that saves energy eg turing heating down

30
Q

what happens when theres not enough oxygen in combustion?

A

INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION -some of the fuel doesnt burn and particulates made of soot and unburned hydrocarbons are released and carbon monoxide can be produced as well as carbon dioxide

31
Q

what problems can particulates in the air cause?

A

if they are inhaled they can get stck in the lungs and cause damage, this can lead to respiratory problems

particulates reflect sunlight back into space, so less light reaches the earth causing globall dimming

32
Q

what happens when corbon monoxide stops your blood from carrying oxygen around the body?

A

it binds to the haemoglobin in your blood that normally carries oxygen, so less oxygen is able to be transported around your body. this can cause fainting, comas and even death.

33
Q

why is carbon monoxide so dangerous?

A

its colourless and ourdorless so its very hard to detect.

34
Q

when is sulfur dioxide released?

A

during the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, that contain sulfur impurities - the sulfur becomes oxidised

35
Q

when are nitrogen oxidies created?

A

a reaction between nitrogen and oxygen in the air caused by heat eg internal combusion engines of cars

36
Q

what happens when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides mix with water in clouds?

A

they form dilute sulfuric acid or dilute nitric acid. this then falls as acid rain

37
Q

what are the dangers of acid rain?

A

acid rain kills plants and damages buildings and limestone statues. it also makes metal corrode

sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides also causes risparotary problems if breathed in

Chemistry (11 decks)

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