Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry > C10 Using Resorces > Flashcards

C10 Using Resorces Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

example of natural resource

A

cotton for clothing (from a cotton plant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where do natural resources come from?

A

earth sea or air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what can natural products be replaced by?

A

synthetic products or natural products can be improved upon by man made processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is an example of natural products being replaced

A

rubber can be extracted from the sap of a tree however man made polymers can replace rubber for tyres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is an example of agriculture providing conditions where natural resources can be enhanced for our needs

A

the development of fertiliserz have meant we can produce a high yield of crops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is an example of a renewable resource?

A

timber, trees can be planted following a harvest and only take a few years to regrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is a renewable resorces?

A

a resource that reform at a similar rate to or faster than we use them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a finite resource?

A

resources that are not formed quickly enough to be considered replaceable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are examples of finite resources?

A

fossil fuels, nuclear fuels minerals and metals found in ores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is an example of finite resources undergoing man made processes to provide fuels and materials necessary for modern life?

A

crude oil undergoing fractional distillation to produce products such a petrol

metal ores can be reduced to produce pure metals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is an example of modern materials made from raw finite resorces?

A

most plastics and building materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is an example of balancing social, economic and environmental effects of extracting finite resources?

A

mining metal ores is good because useful products can be made

it provides local people with jobs and money into the area.

however mining ores is bad for the environment as it uses loads of energy, scars the landscape, produces lots of waste and destroys habitats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is sustainable development?

A

an approach to development that takes account of the needs of present society while not damaging the lives of future generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

not all resources are renewable so ………………..

A

its unsustainable to keep using them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how can extracting resources be unsustainable?

A

there is a high amount of energy used and waste produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how can processing resources also be unsustainable?

A

processing resources into useful materials such as glass or bricks can be unsustainable because the process uses energy that’s made from finite resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

if people reduce how much they use of a finite resources what will happen?

A

the resources is more likely to last longer. reducing usage will also reduce the use of anything needed to produce them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is an example of chemists developing and adapting a process that lowers the amount of finite resources and reduce damage to the environment

A

chemists have developed a catalysts that reduces the amount of energy required for certain industrial processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

copper is a finite resource…………………

A

the supply of copper rich ores is limited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is one way of improving the sustainability of copper

A

extracting it from low grade ores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the two ways of extracting copper from low grade ores

A

bioleaching and phytommining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is bioleaching?

A

bacteria are used to convert copper compounds in the ore into soluble copper compounds separating out the the copper from the ore in the process. the leachate contains copper ions, which can be extracted by electrolysis or displacement with a more reactive metal eg scrap iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is phytomining?

A

phytomining involves growing plants in soil that contains copper. the plants cant use or get rid of the copper so it gradually builds up in the leaves. the plants can be harvested, dried and burned in a furnace. the ash contains soluble copper compounds from which copper can be extracted by electrolysis or displacement using scrap iron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is a disadvantage of bioleaching and phytomining?

A

they are slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

why is recycling metal so good

A

it uses much less energy than is needed to mine and extract new metal, it conserves the finite amount of each metal in the earth and cuts down on the amount of waste getting sent into landfill.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how are metals usually recycled?

A

melting them and casting them into the shape of the new product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

where does the energy come from for mining and extracting metals

A

fossil fuels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

depending on what the metal will be used for after recycling, the amount of separation required for recyclable metals can change for example;

A

waste steel and iron can be kept together as they can be both added to iron in a blast furnace to reduce the amount of iron ore required (a blast furnace is used to extract iron from its ore at a high temperature using carbon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what happens to glass before its recycled?

A

separated into colour and chemical composition

30
Q

how is glass recycled

A

it is separated into colour and chemical composition then crushed and meted to be reshaped for use in glass products such as bottles or jars.

31
Q

what else is recycled glass used for?

A

insulating glass wool for wall insulation in homes

32
Q

what is a LCA

A

life cycle assessment - it looks at every stage of a products life to asses the impact it would have on the environment

33
Q

what are the different stages of LCA

A

1) Getting the raw materials
2) Manufacturing and packaging
3) using the product
4) product disposal

34
Q

Getting the raw materials:

A

1) extracting the raw materials needed for a product can damage the local environment, for example, mining metals. extraction can also result in pollution due to the amount of energy needed

2) raw materials often need to be processed to extract the desired materials and this often needs large amounts of energy. for example extracting metals from ores or fractional distillation

35
Q

manufacturing and packaging:

A

1) manufacturing products and their packaging can use a lot of energy resources and can also cause a lot of pollution. for example harmful fumes such as carbon monoxide or hydrogen chloride.

2) waste products and the disposal of them. the chemical reactions used to make compounds from their raw materials can produce waste products. some waste can be turned into other useful chemicals, reducing the amount that ends up polluting the environment.

36
Q

using the product:

A

1) the use of a product can damage the environment. for example, burning fuels releases greenhouse gasses and other harmful substances. fertilisers can leach into streams and rivers causing damage to ecosystems

2) how long a product is used for or how many uses it gets is also a factor - products that needed lots of energy to produce but are used for ages may mean less waste in the long run.

37
Q

product disposal:

A

1) products are often disposed of in landfill sites. this takes up space and pollutes land and water. eg paint may wash off a product in landfill and pollute a river

2) energy is used to transport waste to landfill, which causes pollutants to be released into the atmosphere

3) products might be incinerated (burnt), which causes air pollution

38
Q

raw materials of a plastic bag:

A

crude oil

39
Q

manufacturing and packaging of a plastic bag:

A

the compounds needed to make the plastic are extracted from crude oil by fractional distillation, followed by cracking and then polymerisation. waste is reduced as the other fractions of crude oil have other uses.

40
Q

using the product a plastic bag:

A

can be re used, can be used for other things as well as shopping eg bin liners

41
Q

product disposal plastic bag:

A

recyclable but not biodegradable and will take up space in landfill and pollute land

42
Q

raw materials of a paper bag:

A

timber

43
Q

manufacturing and packaging of a paper bag:

A

pulped timber is processed using lots of energy. lots of waste is made

44
Q

using the product paper bag:

A

usually used only once

45
Q

product disposal of a paper bag:

A

biodegradable, non toxic and can be recycled

46
Q

what is more harmful for the environment plastic or paper bags?

A

even though plastic bags are not biodegradable, they take less energy to make and have a longer lifespan than paper bags, so may be less harmful to the environment.

47
Q

what are the problems with LCAS?

A

1) the use of energy, some natural resources and the amount o certain types of waste produced by a product over its life time can be easily quantified. but the effect of some pollutants is harder to give a numerical value to. eg its difficult to apply a value to the negative visual effects of plastic bags in the environment compared to paper ones.

2) producing LCA is not an objective method as it takes into account the values of the person carrying out the assessment. this means the LCAs can be biased.

3) selective LCAs which only show some of the impacts of a product on the environment can also be biased as they can be written to deliberately support the claims of a company in order to give them positive advertising.

4) not all environmental impacts can be measured in LCA.

48
Q

potable water:

A
  • water that has been treated
  • or naturally safe for humans to drink
  • not pure (pure water only contains H2O molecules)
  • potable water contains lots of other dissolved substances
  • level of dissolved salts cant be too high
  • pH 6.5 - 8.5
  • cant have any microbes or bacteria in it
49
Q

what is rain water

A

a type of fresh water

50
Q

what is fresh water

A

water that doesn’t have much dissolved in it

51
Q

what are the two ways that rain water can be collected?

A

surface water - lakes rivers and reservoirs
ground water - aquifers that trap water underground

52
Q

in the uk what does the source of fresh water depend on?

A

location

53
Q

why in the south east does most of the domestic water come from groundwater?

A

surface water tends to dry up first, so in warm areas, most of the domestic water supply comes from groundwater

54
Q

why does water from fresh water sources have to be treated before drunk

A

it has levels of dissolved substances

55
Q

what are the processes that make fresh water safe for use?

A

1) filtration
2) strelisation

56
Q

what is filtration:

A

a wire mesh screens out large twigs and then gravel and sand beds filter out any other solid bits

57
Q

what is sterilisation:

A

the water is sterilised to kill any harmful bacteria or microbes. this can be done by bubbling chlorine gas through it or by using ozone or ultraviolet light

58
Q

what happens in dry countrys when there is not enough surface or ground water?

A

sea water must be treated instead by desalination to provide potable water. distillation can be used to desalinate water

59
Q

how else can sea water be treated?

A

reverse osmosis - salty water is passed though a membrane that only allows water molecules to pass through. ions and larger molecules are trapped by the membrane and separated from the water.

60
Q

what are the negatives of treating sea water?

A

both distillation and reverse osmosis need loads of energy so they are really expensive an not practical for producing large quantities of fresh water.

61
Q

how to test distil water in the lab?

A

1) test pH of water using a pH meter. If the pH is too high or too low you’ll need to neutralise it by adding acid (if too high) or alkali (if too low). use a pH meter to tell you when the solution is between 6.5 and 8.5

2) pour the salty water into a distillation apparatus. heat the flask from below. the water will boil and form steam, leaving any dissolved salts in the flask. the steam will condense back to liquid water in the condenser and can be collected as it runs out.

3) retest the pH of the water with a pH meter to check that bits between 6.5 and 8.5

4) you can tell if there were any salts in the water by looking to see weather there are nay crystals in the round bottomed flask once he waters been distilled.

62
Q

what happens when you flush water down the drain?

A

it goes into sewers and towards sewage treatment plants

63
Q

how does agriculture systems produce a lot of waste water?

A

nutrient run off from fields
slurry from animal farms

64
Q

why does sewage from domestic and agricultural sources have to be treated before it can be put back into fresh water sources like rivers or lakes?

A

to remove any organic matter and harmful microbes, otherwise it would make them very polluted and would pose health risks

65
Q

what other process produce a lot of waste water that has to be collected and treated?

A

industrial processes

66
Q

what else as well as organic matter does industrial waste water contain?

A

harmful chemicals so it has to undergo additional stages of treatment before it is safe to release into the environment

67
Q

processes involved in treating waste water at sewage treatment plants:

A

1) screening
2) sedimentation
3) aerobic digestion
4) anaerobic digestion
5) gas and digested waste produced

68
Q

sewage treatment:

A

1) screened - removing large bits of material (twigs or plastic bags) as well as grit

2) stands in settlement tank - sedimentation - heavier suspended solids sink to bottom and produce sludge, lighter effluent floats on top

3) effluent removed in settlement tank and treated by biological aerobic digestion. air pumped though water so aerobic bacteria breaks down organic matter and other microbes

4) sludge removed and transferred into large tanks, then gets broken down by anaerobic digestion

5) methane gas produced when anaerobic digestion happens. methane = energy source, remaining digested waste can be used as a fertiliser.

6) waste water containing toxic substances, chemicals are added to precipitate metals or UV radiation or using membranes

69
Q

what could be used as an alternative when there is not much fresh water?

A

sewage treatment requires more processes than treating fresh water but uses less energy than desalination of salt water.

70
Q

what is a negative of treating waste water and recycling it back into drinking supplies

A

people do not like the idea of drinking water that used to be sewage

Chemistry (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions