C7: Organic Chemistry (Triple) Flashcards
What is a homologous series?
A group or organic compounds that react in a similar way.
What happens to the properties of alkanes as they get longer?
More viscous (less runny) Less volatile (higher boiling points) Less flammable
What is cracking?
The breaking down of long alkane into smaller more useful ones. An alkene is also produced.
How are alkanes cracked?
They are vaporised and passed over a hot powdered aluminium oxide catalyst. This makes them break apart — catalytic cracking
They are vaporised and mixed with steam and heated to very high temperatures. This makes them break apart — steam cracking
what is the word equation for complete combustion of alkenes?
alkene + oxygen -> water + carbon dioxide
what is the word equation for incomplete combustion of alkenes?
alkene + oxygen -> carbon + carbon monoxide water + carbon dioxide
Explain the addition reaction of alkenes and hydrogen.
C=C bond is broken to become a C-C bond so it can become saturated, becoming an alkane.
How do halogen react with alkenes?
addition reaction: atom becomes saturated.
ethene + bromine -> dibromoethane
Explain how bromine water can be used to test for alkenes.
non-saturated alkene particles react with the bromine leaving the water colourless.
How do alkenes react with steam?
to form an alcohol.
What is the name of the process where monomers are turned into a polymer?
polymerisation.
What are polymers made from?
unsaturated monomers.
What is the functional group of an alcohol?
-O-H
Why are alcohols used in industry?
they can dissolve more things than water.
What is the word equation for the combustion of alcohols?
alcohol + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
What are the 4 ideal conditions for fermentation?
37 degrees Celsius
no oxygen
80% humidity
slightly acidic solution
What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?
-COOH
O=C-OH
what do carboxylic acids form when they dissolve in water?
weak acids.
What are the functional groups of esters?
-COO-
How do ethanoic acid and ethanol react with an acid catalyst?
to form ethyl ethanoate and water.
Explain condensation polymerisation.
monomers with different functional groups react making a polymer chain and a small molecule like water is lost.
