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GCSE Chemistry Revision > C7 - Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

C7 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are hydrocarbons

A

Structures made from carbon and oxygen

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2
Q

What is crude oil

A

A finite resource found in rocks and made from plankton that has been buried for millions of years

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3
Q

___ die and undergo high ___ and ____ to make fossil fuels

A

Plankton
Heat
Pressure

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4
Q

How many covalent bonds (single lines) should each carbon have in total?

A

4

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5
Q

What is the maximum number of bonds hydrogen can have?

A

1

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6
Q

Each line in displayed formula represents ——

A

A single covalent bond

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7
Q

Give the first 6 alkanes

A

Methane ethane propane butane pentane hexane

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8
Q

Crude oil is a mix of __and ___ chain hydrocarbons

A

Long and short

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9
Q

Crude enters the ___ column as a ____

A

Fractionating
Gas

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10
Q

Heat rises so gases ___ up the fractionating column.
When they reach their ____ points they ____

A

Rise
Boiling
Condense

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11
Q

__-chain hydrocarbons condense at the bottom of the cylinder as they have the ___ boiling points

A

Long
Highest

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12
Q

Longest chain hydrocarbons are siphoned off at around ___ degrees

A

340

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13
Q

Shorter chain hydrocarbons condense at around ____ degrees

A

40

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14
Q

Heavy fuel oil condenses at around __- degrees

A

260

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15
Q

Heavy fuel oil is very ___

A

Viscous

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16
Q

Diesel condenses at around __- degrees

A

180

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17
Q

Kerosene condenses at around ___ degrees

A

110

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18
Q

Petrol condenses at around __- degrees

A

40

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19
Q

Petrol is very ___

A

Runny

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20
Q

There is a temperature ___ in the fractionating column

A

Gradient

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21
Q

A temperature gradient means the fractionating column is ___ at the top and ___ at the bottom

A

Cooler
Hotter

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22
Q

The shortest chain hydrocarbons are released as ___ products called ____ gas through the ___ of the column

A

Waste
Refinery
Top

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23
Q

Give 3 properties of long chain hydrocarbons

A

Low flammability
High boiling point
High viscosity

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24
Q

Give 3 properties of short chain hydrocarbons

A

Low viscosity \
Low boiling point
High flammability

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25
Q

Short chains are more/less useful than long chains

A

More

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26
Q

What are alkanes

A

Hydrocarbons with only single bonds

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27
Q

Alkanes are ___ hydrocarbons

A

Saturated

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28
Q

What does a saturated molecule mean?

A

It only contains single covalent bond ( a saturated hydrocarbon has the maximum number of hydrogens possible

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29
Q

What is the general formula of an alkane

A

Cn H2n + 2

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30
Q

How many carbons does methane have? Ethane? Propane?butane?pentane?hexane?

A

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,

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31
Q

What happens to the boiling points of methane -> hexane?

A

Increased
As longer chain hydrocarbons have more intermolecular forces of attraction which require more energy to overcome

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32
Q

What are Alkenes

A

Hydrocarbons with one double covalent bond (rest single covalent bonds)

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33
Q

General formula of an alkene

A

CnH2n

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34
Q

Name the first 5 Alkenes (there is no methene as there needs to be a double bond in an alkene)

A

Ethene
Propene
Butene
Pentene
Hexene

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35
Q

True or false: Alkenes are usually burnt as fuels

A

False

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36
Q

Why aren’t alkenes usually burnt as fuels?

A

They release less energy
Tend to burn with smoky flames (as more prone to incomplete combustion)
More useful for other things

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37
Q

True or false: alkenes are usually burnt as fuels

A

False

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38
Q

Due to the double bond alkenes are more __ rich

A

Electron

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39
Q

Which is more reactive - alkenes or alkanes?

A

Alkenes

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40
Q

Give one type of reaction alkenes can undergo

A

Addition reactions

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41
Q

What happens in an addition reaction?

A

C=C bond is broken and other atoms are added instead of

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42
Q

Give 3 things that destroy the C=C (create an addition reaction)

A

Halogens
Hydrogen
Water

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43
Q

Why does the bromine test work for alkenes?

A

The Alkene undergoes an addition reaction with bromine (as it is a halogen - in group 7)

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44
Q

What facilitates a reaction between hydrogen and an alkene

A

A nickel catalyst

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45
Q

What facilitates a reaction between alkenes and water

A

A phosphoric acid catalyst

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46
Q

What is the formula for phosphoric acid

A

H3PO4

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47
Q

Where should you write a catalyst in a reaction equation

A

Above the arrow - as it’s not used up during the reaction

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48
Q

When hydrocarbons undergo complete combustion what is produced?

A

CO2 and water (as normal)

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49
Q

Combustion of hydrocarbons releases allot of ___

50
Q

When hydrogens don’t have enough oxygen to fully react what 2 possible things coil be produced alongside water

A

Carbon monoxide
Carbon

51
Q

What are carbon particulates

52
Q

What is carbon monoxide

A

A toxic gas

53
Q

What is the positive test for alkenes

A

Bromine water goes from orange to colourless as an addition reaction occurs

54
Q

What is a test for alkane and the result

A

Bromine water - stays orange as no reaction

55
Q

What is an alcohol?

A

A hydrocarbon with an OH functional group

56
Q

What is the basic structure of alcohol?

A

Alkane + OH group

57
Q

How do you make alcohol?

A

Allene + water —-phosphoric acid catalyst—> alcohol

Fermentation ->alcohol

58
Q

Give 3 uses of alcohols

A

Ethanol in alcoholic drinks
Burnt as fuels
Solvents - easily mix with water/perfumes

59
Q

Give the homologous series

A

Methanol
Ethanol
Propanol
Butanol
Pentanol
Hexanol

60
Q

The OH function group makes alcohols what

61
Q

How does fermentation produce alcohol?

A

Glucose -> ethanol + CO2

62
Q

Give 4 conditions necessary for fermentation of glucose to take place

A

Anaerobic
Warm temperature (30-40 degrees)
Yeast
Aqueous (water presence)

63
Q

Give 2 ways of forming alcohols (just the first initial ingredient)

A

Plants/sugar
Crude oil

64
Q

How are plants used to make alcohols

A

Plants
Sugar
Solution of sugar in water
Fermentation
Creates mixture of ethanol and water

65
Q

How is crude oil used to make alcohol?

A

Crude oil then alkanes extracted from them, alkanes undergo cracking, forming ethene, then undergo steam hydration, creating ethanol

66
Q

Give a 3 mark answer to how does fermentation work

A

Fermentation Produces ethanol from glucose dissolved in water and mixed with yeast

67
Q

Alcohol + metal (or possibly just sodium??) = what

A

Salt + hydrogen

68
Q

Ethanol + sodium = what?

A

Sodium ethoxide + hydrogen

69
Q

A reaction of alcohol + metal creates gas ___and an organic ____

A

Bubbles
Salt

70
Q

What is the formula of methanol

71
Q

The organic salt produced as a result of alcohol and metal reaction is solid or liquid?

72
Q

What are products of reaction between sodium and butanol (give formulas)

A

Sodium butoxide + hydrogen
2C4H9OH + H2

73
Q

How do you work out the chemical formula of alcohols?

A

CnH(2n+1)OH
(Could draw it out to check)
It’s basically the same as an alkane with an extra oxygen

74
Q

How do you draw the displayed formula of sodium ethoxide?

A

2 carbons saturated with hydrogens
One of those carbons bonded to O-Na+ ionic bonded substance (see mindmap)

75
Q

Reaction with sodium allows you to tell whether ____ is present

A

An alcohol

76
Q

How do you test for alcohols

A

Reaction with sodium - positive result is a gas and salt is produced

77
Q

What is a diol?

A

An alcohol with 2 OH groups

78
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaking down longer chain hydrocarbons to shorter ones

79
Q

Why is cracking done?

A

Shorter chain hydrocarbons are more useful

80
Q

Give the 2 types of cracking

A

Catalytic
Thermal

81
Q

How does catalytic cracking work?

A

Vaporising long chains with catalysts =
Long chains passing over a hot catalyst causes them to break down to shorter molecules

82
Q

Give 2 conditions for catalytic cracking

A

High temperature + catalyst

83
Q

What is the basic idea of thermal cracking

A

High temperature vaporisation

84
Q

How does thermal cracking work?

A

High temperature vaporisation AND MIXING WITH STEAM breaks it down

85
Q

What 2 things can cracking produce

A

Short chain alkanes
Alkenes

86
Q

What are polymers

A

Long chained molecules made up of repeating units (called monomers)

87
Q

What is polymerisation

A

Making monomers into polymers
Formation of long chain molecules from the joining of smaller molecules

88
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

Using a double bond monomer to make a polymer

89
Q

How do you name polymers formed by addition polymerisation?

A

Poly(monomer)
Eg poly(ethene)

90
Q

Addition polymerisation always uses what type of monomer?

A

A double bond monomer

91
Q

What happens in addition polymerisation?

A

Double bond breaks to free electrons for bonding to make a polymer

92
Q

REMEMBER ONLY BREAK THE DOUBLE BOND IN ADDITION POLYMERISATION

93
Q

What is the monomer of DNA

A

Nucleotides

94
Q

What is the monomer of cellulose

95
Q

What is the monomer of starch

96
Q

What are the monomers of proteins

A

Amino acids

97
Q

What is condensation polymerisation

A

2 different monomers are combined to make a polymer

98
Q

What is the byproduct of condensation polymerisation

A

Small molecule such as water (mostly water)

99
Q

What is the functional group of an amine

100
Q

When an alcohol and carboxylic acid monomer are combined in condensation polymerisation what is the byproduct?

101
Q

What does carboxylic acid monomer + amine monomer in addition polymerisation make?

A

Amino acid

102
Q

True or false: amines cannot perform condensation polymerisation with themselves

A

False - they can perform condensation polymerisation with themselves

103
Q

How many naturally occurring amino acids are there?

104
Q

What do 2 amino acids combined form

A

A dipeptide

105
Q

What does a dicarboxylic acid + a diamine form

A

A polyamide

106
Q

How do you work out what molecules are lost in condensation polymerisation?

A

It’s water molecule lost

107
Q

How do you make carboxylic acid?

A

Alcohols react with oxygen

108
Q

What is the functional group of a carboxlyic acid?

109
Q

What is the type of a reaction that produces a carboxylic acid?

A

Oxidation reaction (as gaining of oxygen)

110
Q

Give the first 6 carboxlyic acids

A

Methanoic acid
Ethanoic acid
Propanoic acid
Butanoic acid
Pentanoic acid
Hexanoic acid

111
Q

What is the COOH bond

A

Carbon double bond oxygen
With an OH on the same carbon

112
Q

What type of acid is carboxylic acid?

113
Q

Is the reaction between metal and acid fast or slow?

114
Q

What happens when a carboxylic acid is reacted with an alcohol?

A

Ethanoic acid + ethanol ->ethyl ethanoate + water

115
Q

Ethyl ethanoate is a type of what?

116
Q

Acid + alcohol -> what?

A

Ester + water

117
Q

What catalyst does an acid and alcohol reaction require?

A

Sulfuric acid catalyst

118
Q

Draw the displayed formula for ethyl Ethanoate and water reacting

119
Q

How is crude oil turned into alcohol?

A

Alkanes
Cracking
Allene’s (ethane)
Stream hydration
Ethanol

120
Q

What does decane become after cracking

A

Octane + ethene

121
Q

What is the dynamic between Jane and Rochester ?

GCSE Chemistry Revision (13 decks)

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