C2 - Bonding, Structure And Properties Of Matter

Question 1

Exam
How do lithium and bromine bond to make lithium bromide? (4 marks)

Answer 1

Lithium has _ electrons and bromine has _ electrons.
Both elements want a full outer shell of electrons and so lithium gives _ to bromine which gains _ electrons.
Lithium becomes _, positive ion and bromine becomes _, negative ion. This gives both atoms full outer shells

Question 2

Ionic compounds
Do ionic compounds have a high melt/boiling point? Why?

Answer 2

Yes - strong electrostatic forces which require lots of energy to break

Question 3

Ionic compounds
Can ionic compounds conduct as solids?

Answer 3

No - ions are in fixed positions so cannot easily carry charges

Question 4

Ionic compounds
Can ionic compounds conduct in a solution?

Answer 4

Yes - ions can move freely - allows them to conduct electricity

Question 5

Ionic compounds
What is the structure in an ionic compound?

Answer 5

Giant ionic structure

Question 6

Ionic compounds
What are the forces in ionic compounds?

Answer 6

Strong electrostatic forces

Question 7

Ionic compounds - exam
Describe the structure and bonding of sodium chloride (2 marks)

Answer 7

Sodium is a giant ionic structure with strong electrostatic forces between particles
Then describe how they actually bond in practice for 4 marks

Question 8

Covalent bonding
Do covalent bonds have a high melting/boiling point?

Answer 8

No - they have weak intermolecular forces which require little energy to break

Question 9

Covalent bonding
Do covalent molecules conduct as solids?

Answer 9

No - no free electrons to carry a charge

Question 10

Covalent bonding
What are the forces in a simple covalent bond

Answer 10

Weak intermolecular forces

Question 11

Covalent bonding
What is a simple molecular bond/simple covalent bond between?

Answer 11

Non-metals

Question 12

Covalent bonding
Do simple molecular structures conduct in a solution?

Answer 12

No - no free electrons to carry a charge

Question 13

Covalent bonding
What is the structure of simple covalent bonds

Answer 13

Simple molecular structure

Question 14

Covalent bonding - exam
Explain why chlorine is a gas at room temperature (3 marks)

Answer 14

Chlorine is a simple molecular structure with weak intermolecular forces which require little energy to break

Question 15

Exam
Describe the structure and bonding of iodine

Answer 15

Iodine is a simple molecular structure, with

weak intermolecular forces.

One pair of Electrons in the outer shell are shared between two atoms of iodine, giving it covalent intramolecular forces.

Question 16

Exam

Explain why iodine has a low melting point

Answer 16

Iodine is a simple molecular structure with

Weak intermolecular forces

Which require little energy to break

Question 17

Exam

Explain why iodine cannot conduct electricity

Answer 17

Iodine is a simple molecular structure with

No free electrons to carry a charge through the structure

Question 18

Exam

Describe the bonding of calcium and oxygen: (4)

Answer 18

Oxygen has 6 electrons in its outer shell, while calcium has 2 electrons in its outer shell

In order for both atoms to gain a full outer shell of electrons, calcium gives two electrons to oxygen.

Calcium becomes Ca+2 positive ion and Oxygen becomes O-2 negative ion

The opposite charges of calcium and oxygen attract, forming an ionic bond

Question 19

Exam

Describe the structure of sodium chloride (2)

Answer 19

Sodium chloride is a giant ionic structure with

strong electrostatic forces between particles.