C1-5 Obscure Content Flashcards
What is the charge of a calcium ion
Ca 2+
What is the charge of a copper ion
Cu 2+
What is the charge of an aluminium ion
Al 3+
What is teh charge of a Magnesium ion
Mg 2+
What is the charge of a sodium ion?
Na +
What is the charge of sulfate?
SO4 = 2-
What is the charge of a carbonate ion
CO3 (2-)
What is teh charge of a nitrate ion?
NO3 (-)
What is the formula of nitric acid?
HNO3
What is teh formula of Sulfuric acid?
H2SO4
What is the charge of a zinc ion
2+
What is the charge of ammonium
NH4+
C1
What happens when sodium reacts with chlorine
Flame + smoke/clouds of white sodium chloride
What colour does fluorine turn when reacted with iron?
White
What colour does chlorine turn when reacted with iron?
Orange brown
What colour does bromine turn when reacted with iron?
Red brown
What colour does iodine turn when reacted with iron
Grey
What happens when fluorine reacts with hydrogen?
Explodes at room temp
What happens when chlorine is reacted with hydrogen
Explodes (with a flame or in sunlight)
What happens when bromine reacts with hydrogen
When warmed reacts vigorously
When iodine is reacted with hydrogen what happens?
Very slow reaction when heated allot
A more reactive halogen will _____ a less reactive halogen from its salt solution
Displace
As iodine forms in a solution it turns _____
Darker
What colour is chlorine?
Yellow
How reactive is fluorine? How dangerous?
Very
Poisonous
What colour is chlorine? How dangerous is it?
Dense green gas - poisonous
What colour is bromine? Is it poison?
Red brown liquid
Yes
What colour is iodine? State? What other colour can it be as a vapour?
Dark grey
Crystalline solid
Purple vapour
What is observed when a group 1 metal is exposed to air
Turns dull/white smoke seen
When heated with oxygen = burns
What happens when lithium is heated with oxygen
What does it form?
Red flame
What happens when sodium is heated with oxygen? What forms? (2 things)
Orange flame
Sodium oxide
Sodium peroxide (2 sodiums, 2 oxygens)
What happens when potassium is reacted with oxygen? What forms?
Lilac flame
Potassium peroxide (K2 O2)
Potassium superoxide (KO2)
What happens when lithium is reacted with chlorine?
Burns slowly with reddish flame
White solid produced
What happens when chlorine is reacted with sodium?
Burns brightly with yellow flame
White solid producd
What happens when potassium is reacted with chlorine
Burns brightly with purplish flame
White solid produced
What happens when lithium is reacted with water?
Fizzes
Gets smaller and smaller until it disappears
What happens when sodium reacts with water?
Fizzes allot, forms a ball then gets smaller and disappears
What happens when potassium reacts with water?
Burns violently with sparks and a lilac flame
Give 3 properties of group 1
Soft (can be cut with a knife)
Relatively low melting points
Low density
What has the lowest boiling point of any element?
Helium
Give 6 properties of transition metals
Strong
Good conductors (of heat and electricity
Highly dense
High melt points ]more than one oxidation state ]forms colourful compounds
Give 3 uses of transition metals as catalysts
Iron in haber process (to make ammonia)
Vanadium pentoxide in contact process to make Sulfuric acid
Nickel used in the hydrogenation of alkenes
Why is titanium (transition metal) so useful in medicine?
High biocompatibility
Only element that can bond with bones
Give 3 other applications of transition metals
Forming coloured compounds in:
Dyes
Paints
Stained glass
Jewellery
Anti corrosive materials
Give the difference in reactivity with oxygen at room temperature of transition metals compared to group 1
Group 1 react quickly with oxygen
Transition metals react slowly or not at all with oxygen at room temperature
Give difference in reactivity of group 1 and transition metals with cold water
Group 1elements react vigorously with cold water
Transition metals react Slowly or not at all with cold water
Group 1 elements react vigorously with halogens
Some transition metals also react with halogens
Give difference in reactivity of group 1 metals and transition metals with halogens
Group 1 elements react vigorously with halogens
Some transition metals also react with halogens
Give 4 differences between group 1 elements and transition metals
All of group 1 metals form +1 ions but transition metals have variable charges
Transition metals are harder, stronger and denser,
Higher melting points of transition metals than group1
Transition metals much less reactive than group 1
How many years passed between the discovery of the nucleus and Chadwick discovering the existence of neutrons
20
What is the radius of an atom
0.1 nm (1 x 10 ^-10 m)
How much smaller is the radius of the nucleus compared to the radius of an atom
More than 10 000 x smaller
Why is the periodic table called that?
Similar properties occur at regular intervals
Knowledge of what explained why the order based on atomic weights sometimes put elements in the wrong place
Isotopes
Why does it sometimes seem that mass is not conserved in reactions?
Reactant or product is a gas and its mass hasn’t been counted
Give an example of a reaction where mass is seemingly not conserved
Metal oxide formation (metal oxide seems to have a mass greater than the metal )
Thermal decomposition of metal carbonates (CO2 produced and metal oxide is only solid product)
What is the volume of 1 mol of any gas at room temperature?
24 dm3
As pH decreases by 1 unit
Hydrogen ion concentration increases by a factor of
10
Give 3 examples of weak acids
Ethanoic
Citric
Carbonic
Give 3 examples of strong acids
Hydrochloric
Nitric
Sulfuric
Are bases insoluble or soluble?
Insoluble
Give the order of the reactivity series
Potassium
Sodium
Lithium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Carbon
zinc
Iron
Lead
Hydrogen
Copper
Silver
Gold
Platinum
What is reactivity in terms of ions
Tendency to form positive ions
What is teh difference between a fuel cell and a normal chemical cell
Supplied by an external source of fuel (such as hydrogen or oxygen or air)
Fuel is oxidised electrochemically within cell to create potential difference
What is the overall reaction in a hydrogen fuel cell?
Oxidation of hydrogen to produce water
Give an example of a non rechargeable battery
Alkaline battery
What does a non rechargeable cell mean
Reactions stop when one reactant has been used up
What are batteries made of to provide greater voltage?
Multiple cells
How can you easily make a simple cell
Connecting 2 different metals in contact with an electrolyte
Give 3 examples of Exothermic reactions (chemical)
Combustion
Many oxidation reactions
Neutralisation
Give 2 everyday examples of Exothermic reactions
Self heating cans
Hand warmers
Give 2 examples of endothermic reactions
Thermal decomposition
Reaction of citric acid and sodium hydrogencarbonate
Give 1 everyday example of an endothermic reaction
Injury packs
Give 2 common examples of polymers
Polythene
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
What is polythene used in
Plastic bags
What is PVC used to make
Water pipes
Used industrially
What are polymer atoms linked to other atoms by
Strong covalent bonds
Why are polymers solids at room temperature?
The intermolecular forces between polymer molecules are relatively strong
What shape does graphite make?
Hexagonal rings of carbon atoms
Give 3 examples of giant covalent structures
Graphite
Diamond
Silicon dioxide (silica)
What are fullerenes?
Molecules of carbon atoms with hollow shapes
Give 3 possible numbers of carbon atoms per ring in a fullerene
6, 5, 7,
What was the first fullerene to be discovered?
Buckminsterfullerene (C60)
What is the shape of C60
Spherical
What are carbon nanotubes?
Cylindrical fullerenes with very high length:diameter ratios
Give 2 advantages of dot + cross
Shows electron transfer
Shows which atom bonding electrons come from
Give 2 limitations of dot + cross
Not 3D\doesn’t show relative sizes of atoms
Give 2 advantages of ball and stick model
3D
Useful to visualise molecule shape
Give 2 limitations of the ball and stick model
Doesn’t show movement of electrons
Atoms shown as far apart but they are actually close
Give 2 advantages of displayed formula
Simpler versions of ball and stick model
Show what atoms are in the molecule and how they are connected
Give 2 limitations of displayed formula (2D)
Doesn’t show relative sizes of atoms
Doesn’t show shapes of atoms
Or what they look like in 3D
Give 3 limitations of particle theory
Doesn’t show forces
Particles all represented as spheres
These spheres are seen as solid
Do atoms themselves have bulk properties of materials
No
What forces are overcome when a covalent molecule is boiled
Weak intermolecular forces
NOT strong covalent bonds intramolecular
Why can metals be bent and shaped?
The ions are arranged in layers
What are nanoparticles?
Structures 1-100nm in size (a few hundred atoms
What are fine particles?
Diameters of 100 - 25 000nm
What are coarse particles also known as?
Dust
What are the diameters of coarse particles?
1 x 10 ^-5 m and 2.5 x 10 ^-6m
If the side of a cube decreases by a factor of 10, by what factor does the surface area: volume ratio increase?
10
Why do nanoparticles have different properties to the same materials in bulk?
They have a high surface area: volume ratio
____ quantities of nanopartciles are needed to be effective for the same task than for materials with normal ____
Smaller
Sizes
Give 2 uses of nanoparticles in medicine
Can deliver drugs right to cells where needed (as fullerenes are hollow, absorbed easily by body (be careful with talking about absorption as it’s not always accepted, + high surface area: volume ratio)
Silver nanoparticles have antibacterial properties (can be added to polymer fibres to make surgical masks + wound dressings)
Give 1 use of nanopartciles in electronics
Some conductor and can be used in tiny electronic circuits in computer chips
Give 1 use of nanopartciles in cosmetics
Improving moisturisers without making them oil]y
Give 2 advantages of using nanoparticles in Sun creams
Better than usual ones at protecting from UV rays
Give better skin coverage than usual ones
Give a reason for using nanopartciles in deodorants
Silver nanoparticles have anti bacterial properties
Give 1 reason nanopartciles are used as catalysts
You need less to cover same stuff
As high surface area: volume ratio
Give 4 risks of nanopartciles
We don’t know long term health impacts
Effects haven’t been investigated properly
Many argue products so should be clearly labelled so consumers can choose whether or not to use them
Could get into body and potentially damage cells
when washed away could damage environment
