C6 complete (First three pages summed in rev guide) Flashcards
First three pages summed in rev guide. (31 cards)
How can you make a soluble salt?
Reacting an acid with an alkali.
How can you make an insoluble salt using precipitation?
Reacting 2 soluble salts which produce a precipitate
-e.g. to make lead chloride you mix lead nitrate and sodium chloride which are both soluble
What is the collision theory?
3 things
- How often particles collide
- The more frequent the collisions are, the faster the reaction rate is.
- Particles must collide with enough energy for the reaction to take place.
- The more successful collisions, the higher the rate of reaction.
What does increasing the temperature do to the rate?
and name 1 way how.
Increasing temp, increases rate:
- Particles move faster, more frequent collisions
- Increases the kinetic energy in collisions
What does increasing the concentration do to the rate?
and name 1 way how.
Increasing conc, increases rate:
- More particles of reactant in the same volume, more frequent collisions
- Increasing the pressure means particles are more crowded.
What does increasing the surface area do to the rate?
and name 1 way how.
Increasing surface, increases rate.
-Breaking a solid into smaller pieces will increase its surface area:volume ratio.
What effect does a catalyst have upon the rate?
and name 1 way how.
Increases rate, but doesn’t increase overall yield.
-Decrease the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur, provides an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy.
What is activation energy?
Minimum amount of energy needed to react something.
What effect do enzymes have upon the reaction?
If the temperature is too high or low, the enzyme will not work at a high rate-the temperature has to be specific for the enzyme to work at an optimum rate.
Why does a graph level off and eventually stop?
The reactants are being used up and the graph stops when all the product has been used up.
Rate of reaction =
Amount of product formed / time
What is a precipitate?
When the reaction occurs in a liquid solution, the solid formed is called the ‘precipitate’. The chemical that causes the solid to form is called the ‘precipitant’.
What do you do with a graph if you want to find a particular point?
Draw a tangent.
What are the three factors affecting the position of equilibrium?
Temperature
Pressure
Concentration
If you want to increase or decrease the temperature what happens?
If you increase the temperature, the equilibrium will shift towards the endothermic side.
How does the pressure affect the position of the equilibrium?
If you increase the pressure, the equilibrium shifts to the side with fewer particles
How does the concentration affect the position of the equilibrium?
If you increase the concentration of the reactants, the equilibrium will shift to the products side.
What is the equation for atom economy?
What is 100% atom economy?
Mass of desired products / mass of all reactants x100
All atoms in reactants have been turned into desired products.
What are the benefits of high atom economy? (3)
- Little waste
- More profitable
- Waste products can be expensive to remove.
What factors do industrial processes have to take into account? (4)
- Cost of raw materials
- Yield
- Rate, time
- Position of equilibrium
What decisions do industries have to make on raw materials? (3)
- How much energy used
- How much waste produced.
- The atom economy.
What decisions do industries have to make on energy? (2)
- How much energy is produced from non-renewable resources
- How much energy is required
What decisions do industries have to make on products?
- How much desired products are formed
- How much waste products are formed
What is the symbol equation for the haber process?
Nitrogen + Hydrogen <> Ammonia
N2 + 3H2 <> 2HN3
