C2 complete

Question 1

Model of the atom

What did Rutherford prove?

Answer 1

The Plum Pudding model was wrong

Question 2

What is the Plum Pudding model?

Hint: + What are the properties of alpha?

Answer 2

The firing of alpha particles against a thin sheet of gold paper
Alpha particles being highly ionising but not very penetrating.

Question 3

What did Rutherford change about the Plum Pudding model?

Answer 3

He said there was a ting positively charged nucleus at the centre surrounded by a cloud of negative electrons and when alpha particles are fired at the centre of the nucleus the like charges repel resulting in the alpha particle being bounced back.

Question 4

Why is it important for models to change?

Answer 4

The new evidence prompts new people to come up with new ideas. Ideas are used to then help make predictions.

Question 5

What is the atom made up of?

Answer 5

Protons, neutrons and electrons

Question 6

Properties of protons?

And the relative mass and charge.

Answer 6

Protons are heavy and positively charged

RM=1 RC=+1

Question 7

Properties of neutrons?

And the relative mass and charge.

Answer 7

Neutrons are heavy and neutral

RM=1 RC=0

Question 8

Properties of electrons?

And the relative mass and charge.

Answer 8

Electrons hardly any mass, negatively charged

RM=0.0005 RC=-1

Question 9

What are isotopes?

2 bits

Answer 9

Different forms of the same element, which have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

Question 10

Who was Dmitri Mendeleev?

Answer 10

Made the first periodic table

Question 11

What do groups along the top of the periodic table correspond to?

Answer 11

The number of electrons in the outer shell.

Question 12

What do the periods represent in the periodic table?

Answer 12

Electrons going to the next highest electron shell.

Question 13

Name a feature of two elements reacting with the same number of electrons in their outer shell.

Answer 13

The elements will react in similar ways.

Question 14

Why do atoms want to react? How does this happen?

Answer 14

Atoms want to gain a full outer shell and they do this by gaining or losing electrons from their electronic structure.

Question 15

Name 4 features of metals.

Answer 15

• Shiny appearance
• Good for conducting heat and electricity.
• High densities
• High melting and boiling points
• Generally solids at room temp.
• Reactivity increases going down the periodic table.
• Form ionic or metallic bonds.

Question 16

Name 4 features of non-metals.

Answer 16

• Dull looking
• Poor conductors of heat and electricity
• Lower density
• Likely to be gases or liquids at room temp.
• As a result of their low melting, boiling points
• Reactivity decreases as you go down the periodic table
• Form ionic or covalent bonds

Question 17

What are transition metals?

Name some features.

Answer 17

They have the typical metallic properties as described above and they are found in between periods 2 and 3.

• can form more than 1 ion
• high melting points
• less reactive than group 1 metals

Question 18

Name some features of group 1 elements.

Answer 18

• They all have one electron on their outer shell which makes them very reactive and gives them similar properties.
• Increasing reactivity
• Lower melting and boiling points
• Higher relative atomic masses
• Higher density
• Decrease in hardness

Question 19

What does aqueous mean?

Answer 19

Dissolved in water.

Question 20

How do group 1 elements react?

Answer 20

They all react to form the same product, but become more vigorous as you move down the table
All group 1 metals tarnish in moist air-have to be kept in oil to prevent reaction with air

Question 21

What are group 7 elements called?

Name some feature of a halogen.

Answer 21

Halogens - non-metals
Exist as diatomic molecules eg: o2
Reactivity decreases as you go down group 7.

Question 22

Colours going down group 7:
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine

Answer 22

F=pale yellow gas
C=green gas
B=red-brown liquid giving of a orange vapour
I=Dark grey solid giving off purple vapour.

Question 23

The halogens react with alkali metals to form salts.

What happens in a displacement with halogens?

Answer 23

chlorine + potassium bromide –> Potassium chloride + bromine
A more reactive halogen (chlorine) will displace a less reactive halogen (bromine).

Question 24

What are group 0 elements called?

Name some features of group 0 elements.

Answer 24

Noble gases

• Full outer shell
• Monatomic gases-single atoms not bonded to each other
• Colourless gases at room temp.
• Non-flammable
• Melting and boiling points increase as you go down.

Question 25

How are simple ions formed?

Answer 25

When electrons gain or lose.

Question 26

What is ionic bonding?

Answer 26

The transfer of electrons

• can form a positive ion (cation)
• can form a negative ion(anion)

Question 27

What is the overall charge of any ionic compound?

Answer 27

Overall charge=0

Negative and positive charges balance.

Question 28

How can ionic bonding be shown?

Answer 28

Dot and cross diagrams

Question 29

Name some features of an ionic compound.

Answer 29

Regular lattice- closely packed electrostatic attractions
High melting and boiling points
Solid ionic compounds don’t conduct because ions are in a fixed place.