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Isaac's Chemistry > C4 complete > Flashcards

C4 complete Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an alloy?

A

Alloy is a mixture of a metal and another element.

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2
Q

What are an alloys properties and uses?

A

Properties are: alloys are harder than pure metals.
Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon.

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3
Q

What is a composite?

A

Composites are made of different materials.

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4
Q

What are a ceramics properties and uses?

A

Properties still and brittle, but clay and glass can be made out of ceramics

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5
Q

What are a polymers properties and uses?

Hint: making polymers synthetically…

A

Making polymers synthetically, involves a high pressure and a catalyst normally
The forces between chains influence the properties of a polymer
Polymers are held together by covalent bonds and intermollecular forces

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6
Q

What are a composites properties and uses?

A

Properties in definition, fibreglass can be made by composites (one material embedded in another).

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7
Q

What are the two different types of polymerisation?

A

Addition and Condensation

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8
Q

Giant covalent structures contain many covalent bonds

What are giant covalent structures? (3 points)

A
  • Strong covalent bonds
  • High melting and boiling points
  • Not conductive
  • Tend to be insoluble in water.
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9
Q

Diamond properties (2)

A
  • Sparkly and colourless.
  • In a giant covalent structure, each carbon atom forming four covalent bonds making it rigid and hard.
  • Doesn’t conduct electricity.
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10
Q

Graphite properties (3)

A
  • Black, opaque but still a bit shiny.
  • 3 covalent bonds creating sheets of carbon atoms which are free to slide weak forces between layers.
  • High melting point - covalent bonds need loads of energy to break.
  • Conductive
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11
Q

Graphene properties (2)

A
  • Single sheet of graphite
  • Conductive
  • 3 covalent bonds very strong because it is only 1 layer.
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12
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Polymers are long molecules formed when lots of small molecules called monomers join together. This is called polymerisation.

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13
Q

How do you make an addition polymer?

A

Addition polymers have carbon double bond functional group, double bonds break to from polymer chains.

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14
Q

How do you make a condensation polymer?

A

Condensation polymerisation usually involves two different types of monomers containing different functional groups. (Di)
Monomers react together and bonds form between them making polymer chains.

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15
Q

Name an addition and a condensation polymer.

A

A=Polythene

B=Polyester

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16
Q

Name a naturally occurring polymer.

Explain why it is.

A

DNA

It contains two strands made of monomers called nucleotides that bond together in a polymerisation reaction.

17
Q

How are polymers held together?

A

Polymers are held together by strong covalent bonds and intermolecular forces between the chains.

18
Q

What influences the properties of a polymer?

A

The forces between the chains and structure.

19
Q

What is the difference between a low density and high density polymer? And give a use for each.

A

Low density: space between polymer chains, so forces between chains are relatively weak so flexible used for bags and bottles.
High density: chains packed closely together so forces between them are stronger. Therefore still so it can be used in water tanks and drainpipes.

20
Q

Brittleness is what?

A

When something break when being hit by a sudden force.

21
Q

Name an advantage and disadvantage of a polymer.

A

adv. polymers are really adaptable

dis. Usually degrade over time.

22
Q

Name an advantage and disadvantage of a ceramic.

A

adv. strong and insulator of heat and electricity.

dis. poor shock resistance.

23
Q

Name an advantage and disadvantage of a metal.

A

adv. metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. Malleable
dis. Deformities

24
Q

Name an advantage and disadvantage of a composite.

A

adv. Can be designed to match a specific purpose

dis. expensive

25
Q

What does malleable mean?

A

Can be pressed into shape without breaking.

26
Q

OILRIG

A

Oxidation is loss (of electrons)

Reduction is gain (of electrons)

27
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Oxidation is the addition of oxygen to an element or compound

28
Q

What is needed for iron to corrode? (2 things)

A

Air

Water

29
Q

Name the two main ways for corrosion prevention. (2 things) And what is one way you have to do to prevent corrosion.

A

Create a barrier between the metal and water+oxygen.
Painting
Oiling/greasing

30
Q

What is required when extracting energy?

Where does the energy come from and how is this a problem.

A

Energy is required and that comes from burning fossils fuels which are a finite resource. +Burning them causes pollution.

31
Q

What is the point of life cycle assessments?

A

They show the total environmental costs.

32
Q

Name four things that are taken into consideration when wanting to carry out a LCA.

A

Choice of material (is it a non-renewable resource)
Manufacture (how much energy used + pollution caused)
Product use (will it be harmful to the environment)
Disposal

33
Q

Nanoparticles are very tiny and are often given in what size?

A

Nanometres (nm)

34
Q

What form are nanoparticles given in?

A

Standard form usually.

35
Q

Name the important feature of nanoparticles.

A

They have a large surface area : volume ratio.

36
Q

What are fullerenes? What shape were they.

A

Fullerenes are nanoparticles of carbon.

They’re large molecules shaped like hollow balls and tubes.

37
Q

What can fullerenes form?

And name two things about what they can form.

A

Form nanotubes which are tiny carbon cylinders.

They have delocalised electrons so they can conduct and they also have a high tensile strength.

38
Q

Name two things nanoparticles are modified to be used in.

A

Cosmetics like sun creams and deodorants.

39
Q

Effects of nanoparticles on health aren’t fully understood.

Why? (2)

A

Nanoparticles are so small they can get into cells deep within the body. Also they have a high surface area so they could react in unknown ways leading to unexpected side effects.

Isaac's Chemistry (6 decks)

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