C1 complete Flashcards
Three states of matter
Solid, Liquid and gas
What are in solids
Name 3 things…
Can you draw a diagram
Strong forces of attraction between particles, holding them very close together
Regular lattice arrangement
Particles do not move, fixed position
Particles vibrate the hotter the solid becomes
What are in liquids
Name 3 things…
Can you draw a diagram
Forces between particles are weaker
Randomly arranged and free to move
Particles constantly moving
What are in gases
Name 3 things…
Can you draw a diagram
No attraction between particles
Free to move and far apart
Particles in gases travel in straight lines
What is the Earth’s atmosphere made of, and in what percentages?
78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
2% other gases
0.04% carbon dioxide
How was the Earth’s atmosphere originally formed
Can you list the three phases
Phase 1 - Volcanoes gave out gases
Phase 2 - Oceans, algae and green plants absorbed by carbon dioxide
Phase 3 - Green pants and algae produced oxygen
What is the source of the following pollutants?
What problems can these cause?
Oxides of Nitrogen
Oxides of Nitrogen
Created from a reaction between nitrogen and air, caused by heat of burning.
Forms acid rain
What is the greenhouse effect?
The greenhouse effect is defined as when the Earth’s atmosphere becomes thick with gases and substances which trap the sun’s radiation, making the Earth warmer. An example of the greenhouse effect is global warming.
List three potential impacts of climate change on our planet
1) Increase in global temperature could lead to increased melting of polar ice caps resulting in sea levels rising, causing increased flooding and erosion.
2) Changes in rainfall patterns may cause some regions to get too much or too little water.
3) Frequency and severity of storms could increase causing flooding on low lands.
Prefixes for molecules
Mono=
Di=
Tri=
Mono = One Di = Two Tri = Three
Chemicals formulas for: Water Ammonia Carbon Dioxide Hydrogen Chlorine Oxygen
Water = H2O Ammonia = NH3 Carbon Dioxide = CO2 Hydrogen = H2 Chlorine = Cl2 Oxygen = O2
Exothermic reaction definition
An exothermic reaction gives out energy to the surrounding. Usually shown by a rise in temperature of the surroundings.
Endothermic reaction definition
An endothermic reaction takes in energy from the surroundings. Usually shown by a fall in temperature of the surroundings.
Sketch an endothermic and exothermic reaction on a graph
Labelled with axes, reactants and products
In book
What is activation energy?
Label your exo and endo graphs with AE now
Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to take place - for bonds to break.
Describe the test for oxygen gas
A blown out splint inside a test tube will relight
Describe the test for hydrogen gas
Holding a lit splint by the end of a test tube, you get a “Squeaky pop” sound if hydrogen is present
Describe the test for carbon dioxide gas
Bubble carbon dioxide through limewater and the solution goes cloudy.
What is a fuel (oxygen) cell?
A fuel cell is an electrical cell that is supplied with fuel and oxygen and uses energy from the reaction between them to produce electricity efficiently.
What is a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell?
A hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell produces a potential difference by reacting hydrogen and oxygen.
hydrogen+oxygen–>water
2h2 + o2 = 2h2o
Give some advantages of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells?
Does not produce any bad pollutants.
Much more efficient than power stations or batteries.
Electricity generated directly from reaction.
What is potable water?
Water that is fit to drink.
What are sources of water that can be treated to provide potable water?
Ground water (rocks / trap water undergrounds) Waste water (waste water from sewage) Salt water (sea)
Stages of waste water (3)
- Filtered involving multiple steps to remove different sizes of solid impurities
- Air pumped through the water to encourage aerobic bacteria to grow and break down organic matter
- Chlorination
Stages of ground water (3)
- Aeration which is increasing levels of dissolved oxygen to remove other dissolved gases.
- Water is filtered to remove solid impurities
- Chlorination
Stages of salt water (2)
- Treated by processes that use membranes (reverse osmosis). Salt water forced through a membrane that only allows water molecules to pass through.
- Chlorination
What is chlorination?
Chlorine gas is the final step in any of these water treatments. Chlorine gas is bubbled through to kill harmful bacteria and other microbes.
What is the source of the following pollutants?
What problems can these cause?
How can we reduce the emissions of these substances?
Carbon Dioxide
It is a greenhouse gas and factors such as deforestation, and creating waste increase amounts of it.
Reduce these factors
What is the source of the following pollutants?
What problems can these cause?
Carbon Monoxide
Caused from fires, (incomplete combustion when there is insufficient oxygen)
Combines with haemoboglobin and stops your blood carrying oxygen around the body.
What is the source of the following pollutants?
What problems can these cause?
Methane
Caused from cows farts
Greenhouse affect trapping gases in our atmosphere.
