C1 complete

Question 1

Three states of matter

Answer 1

Solid, Liquid and gas

Question 2

What are in solids
Name 3 things…
Can you draw a diagram

Answer 2

Strong forces of attraction between particles, holding them very close together
Regular lattice arrangement
Particles do not move, fixed position
Particles vibrate the hotter the solid becomes

Question 3

What are in liquids
Name 3 things…
Can you draw a diagram

Answer 3

Forces between particles are weaker
Randomly arranged and free to move
Particles constantly moving

Question 4

What are in gases
Name 3 things…
Can you draw a diagram

Answer 4

No attraction between particles
Free to move and far apart
Particles in gases travel in straight lines

Question 5

What is the Earth’s atmosphere made of, and in what percentages?

Answer 5

78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
2% other gases
0.04% carbon dioxide

Question 6

How was the Earth’s atmosphere originally formed

Can you list the three phases

Answer 6

Phase 1 - Volcanoes gave out gases
Phase 2 - Oceans, algae and green plants absorbed by carbon dioxide
Phase 3 - Green pants and algae produced oxygen

Question 7

What is the source of the following pollutants?
What problems can these cause?
Oxides of Nitrogen

Answer 7

Oxides of Nitrogen
Created from a reaction between nitrogen and air, caused by heat of burning.
Forms acid rain

Question 8

What is the greenhouse effect?

Answer 8

The greenhouse effect is defined as when the Earth’s atmosphere becomes thick with gases and substances which trap the sun’s radiation, making the Earth warmer. An example of the greenhouse effect is global warming.

Question 9

List three potential impacts of climate change on our planet

Answer 9

1) Increase in global temperature could lead to increased melting of polar ice caps resulting in sea levels rising, causing increased flooding and erosion.
2) Changes in rainfall patterns may cause some regions to get too much or too little water.
3) Frequency and severity of storms could increase causing flooding on low lands.

Question 10

Prefixes for molecules
Mono=
Di=
Tri=

Answer 10

Mono = One 
Di = Two
Tri = Three

Question 11

Chemicals formulas for:
Water
Ammonia
Carbon Dioxide
Hydrogen 
Chlorine
Oxygen

Answer 11

Water = H2O
Ammonia = NH3
Carbon Dioxide = CO2
Hydrogen = H2
Chlorine = Cl2
Oxygen = O2

Question 12

Exothermic reaction definition

Answer 12

An exothermic reaction gives out energy to the surrounding. Usually shown by a rise in temperature of the surroundings.

Question 13

Endothermic reaction definition

Answer 13

An endothermic reaction takes in energy from the surroundings. Usually shown by a fall in temperature of the surroundings.

Question 14

Sketch an endothermic and exothermic reaction on a graph

Labelled with axes, reactants and products

Answer 14

In book

Question 15

What is activation energy?

Label your exo and endo graphs with AE now

Answer 15

Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to take place - for bonds to break.

Question 16

Describe the test for oxygen gas

Answer 16

A blown out splint inside a test tube will relight

Question 17

Describe the test for hydrogen gas

Answer 17

Holding a lit splint by the end of a test tube, you get a “Squeaky pop” sound if hydrogen is present

Question 18

Describe the test for carbon dioxide gas

Answer 18

Bubble carbon dioxide through limewater and the solution goes cloudy.

Question 19

What is a fuel (oxygen) cell?

Answer 19

A fuel cell is an electrical cell that is supplied with fuel and oxygen and uses energy from the reaction between them to produce electricity efficiently.

Question 20

What is a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell?

Answer 20

A hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell produces a potential difference by reacting hydrogen and oxygen.
hydrogen+oxygen–>water
2h2 + o2 = 2h2o

Question 21

Give some advantages of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells?

Answer 21

Does not produce any bad pollutants.
Much more efficient than power stations or batteries.
Electricity generated directly from reaction.

Question 22

What is potable water?

Answer 22

Water that is fit to drink.

Question 23

What are sources of water that can be treated to provide potable water?

Answer 23

Ground water (rocks / trap water undergrounds)
Waste water (waste water from sewage)
Salt water (sea)

Question 24

Stages of waste water (3)

Answer 24

• Filtered involving multiple steps to remove different sizes of solid impurities
• Air pumped through the water to encourage aerobic bacteria to grow and break down organic matter
• Chlorination

Question 25

Stages of ground water (3)

Answer 25

• Aeration which is increasing levels of dissolved oxygen to remove other dissolved gases.
• Water is filtered to remove solid impurities
• Chlorination

Question 26

Stages of salt water (2)

Answer 26

• Treated by processes that use membranes (reverse osmosis). Salt water forced through a membrane that only allows water molecules to pass through.
• Chlorination

Question 27

What is chlorination?

Answer 27

Chlorine gas is the final step in any of these water treatments. Chlorine gas is bubbled through to kill harmful bacteria and other microbes.

Question 28

What is the source of the following pollutants?
What problems can these cause?
How can we reduce the emissions of these substances?
Carbon Dioxide

Answer 28

It is a greenhouse gas and factors such as deforestation, and creating waste increase amounts of it.
Reduce these factors

Question 29

What is the source of the following pollutants?
What problems can these cause?
Carbon Monoxide

Answer 29

Caused from fires, (incomplete combustion when there is insufficient oxygen)
Combines with haemoboglobin and stops your blood carrying oxygen around the body.

Question 30

What is the source of the following pollutants?
What problems can these cause?
Methane

Answer 30

Caused from cows farts

Greenhouse affect trapping gases in our atmosphere.