C5 - Electrons and bonding Flashcards
What are shells
Group of atomic orbitals with the same principle quantum number (main energy level)
What number of electrons fill the first four shells?
2
8
18
32
What is the principal quantum number?
n
Number representing the relative overall energy of each orbital
Increases with distance from the nucleus
What are atomic orbitals
Region around the nucleus that can hold up to two electrons with opposite spins
What are the four different types of orbitals?
S
P
D
F
What is an s orbital?
Spherical shape
-Each shell from n=1 contains one s-orbital
What is a p orbital
Dumb-bell shape
3 separate p orbitals at right angles to each other
Each shell from n=2 contains p orbitals
What are d orbitals
Each shell from n=3 contains 5 d orbitals
What are f orbitals
Each shell from n=7 contain f orbitals
Number of electrons in s,p,d,f shells
2,6,10,14
Order of filling of sub shells
1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
4s
3d
4p
4d
4f
How are electrons filled in box diagrams
Each box fills with one electron of same spin first
Then each box filled with second electron with opposite spin
How do you write shorthand electron configuration
Noble gas in brackets first
Electron configuration of copper (29)
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1
Electron configuration of potassium
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
Electron configuration of cobalt (27)
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8 4s2
What’s ionic bonding?
Electrostatic force of attraction between cations and anions
How can you represent ionic compounds
Dot and cross diagrams
What is the structure of giant ionic compounds?
Giant ionic lattice structure consisting of cations and anions held together by strong metallic bonds
What are the melting and boiling points of ionic compounds?
High due to strong ionic bonds
Are ionic compounds soluble
Yes, in polar compounds (water)
However, if ions have large charge, ionic attraction may be too strong
Do ionic lattices conduct electricity?
Not in solid state
But once melted or dissolved it does
What are covalent bonds?
Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of bonded atoms
What happens to orbitals in covalent bonds?
Each orbitals containing one electron, overlap to form shared pair of electrons
What does the localised attraction in covalent bonds sometimes result in
Simple molecule
How can you represent covalent bonds?
Dot and cross diagrams or displayed formula
What is a dative/coordinate covalent bond?
Shared pair of electrons supplied by one of the bonding atoms only
What is average bond enthalpy?
Average enthalpy change that occurs when breaking, by homolytic fission, 1 mol of a given type of bond in the molecules of a gaseous species
