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chemistry > C11 - Basic concepts of organic chemistry > Flashcards

C11 - Basic concepts of organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

Compound with hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

What can hydrocarbons be…

A

Saturated
Unsaturated

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3
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

Has single bonds only

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4
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

Has carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds

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5
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

Series of organic compounds with the same functional group, each successive member differing by CH2

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6
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Hydrocarbon homologous series with single carbon-to-carbon bonds
General formula - CnH2n+2

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7
Q

First 5 alkanes

A

Methane - CH4
Ethane - C2H6
Propane - C3H8
Butane - C4H10
Pentane - C5H12

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8
Q

What is a functional group?

A

Part of organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions

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9
Q

What is aliphatic?

A

Containing carbon atoms joined together in straight/branched chains, or non aromatic ring

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10
Q

What is alicyclic?

A

Containing carbon atoms joined together in a ring that is not aromatic

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11
Q

What is aromatic?

A

Containing one/more benzene ring

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12
Q

What is the three important homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons?

A

Alkanes - single carbon-to-carbon bond
Alkenes - double carbon-to-carbon bond
Alkynes - triple carbon-to-carbon bond

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13
Q

How to name alkanes?

A

1) suffix is -ane
2) Identify longest carbon chain
3) Side chains are alkyl groups
4) Add numbers before alkyl groups

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14
Q

How do you name alicyclic alkanes?

A

prefix -cyclo
normal rules

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15
Q

Alkene functional group and name

A

C=C
-ene

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16
Q

Alcohol functional group and name

A

-OH
-hydroxy/-ol

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17
Q

Haloalkane functional group and name

A

-Cl/-Br/-I
chloro-/bromo-/iodo-

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18
Q

Aldehyde functional group and name

A

-C=0(-H)
-CHO
-al

19
Q

Ketone functional group and name

A

C-C(=O)-C
-C(CO)C-
-one

20
Q

Carboxylic acid functional group and name

A

-C=O(-OH)
-COOH
-oic acid

21
Q

Ester functional group and name

A

-C=O(-O-C)
-COOC
-oate

22
Q

Acyl chloride functional group and name

A

-C=O(-Cl)
-COCl
-oyl chloride

23
Q

Amine functional group and name

A

-NH2
amino-/-amine

24
Q

Nitrile functional group and name

A

-CN
-nitrile

25
Q

All functional groups

A
26
Q

What is molecular formula?

A

Formula that shows the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule

27
Q

What is empirical formula?

A

Formula that shows the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound

28
Q

What is general formula?

A

Simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series

29
Q

What is a structural formula?

A

Formula showing minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
eg. (CH3)2CHCH2CH3

30
Q

What is displayed formula?

A

Formula showing the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

31
Q

What is skeletal formula?

A

Simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving carbon atoms and functional groups

32
Q

How are hydrogen and carbon atoms represented in skeletal formula?

A

-Line represents single bond
-Intersection of two lines represents carbon atoms
-End of a line represents CH3

33
Q

How can a benzene ring be represented in skeletal formula?

A

Alternating double bonds
Circle within structure

34
Q

What is a structural isomer?

A

Molecule with same molecular formula but different structural formula

35
Q

How to find all the structural isomers

A

1) Shorten the chain length and add and CH3
2) Identify cyclic structures
3) Identify alternative functional groups

36
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

Breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals

37
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

Breaking of a covalent bond forming a cation and an anion

38
Q

What is a radical?

A

A species with an unpaired electron

39
Q

What is a reaction mechanism?

A

Sequence of bond breaking and bond forming steps that show the path taken by electrons during a reaction

40
Q

What is a curly arrow?

A

Shows the movement of the electron pair when bonds are made or broken

41
Q

What is a half arrow?

A

Shows the movement of a single, unpaired electron

42
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make one saturated molecule

43
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

Reaction where an atom/group of atoms is replaced with a different atom/group of atoms

44
Q

What is an elimination reaction?

A

Removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule

chemistry (21 decks)

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