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HHD unit 3 > C5: changes in Australia's health status > Flashcards

C5: changes in Australia's health status Flashcards

1
Q

Categories of disease

A

infectious and parasitic disease, cancers, CVD, respiratory diseases, injury and poisoning

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2
Q

Infectious diseases

A

DIseases that are caused by the direct or indirect transfer of microorganisms like bacteria between people
- eg. syphilis, sexually transmitted infection

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3
Q

Parasitic diseases

A

occurs when parasites enter the body through contaminated food, water or contact with others who have parasites on their skin

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4
Q

Changes in infectious + parasitic disease death rates since 1900

A
  • there were poor living conditions at that time including contaminated food and water, rubbish littered on streets, poor sewage systems, unsafe water

–> high rates of smallpox, tuberculosis, measles, whooping cough –> higher infant/under 5 mortality rate

–> death rates from diarrhoea + tuberculosis fell over 20th century –> reduced death rates from infectious diseases since 1900

–> however, in last part of 20th century, high rates of sexually transmitted diseases –> increased death rates from infectious diseases

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5
Q

Changes in cancer disease death rates since 1900

A
  • cancer death rates increased during the 20th century, peaking in mid 1980s – increase in lung cancer from increased cigarette smoking
  • stomach cancer was larger cause of cancer deaths in 1920s
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6
Q

Forms of CVD

A
  • ischaemic heart disease (involves coronary heart disease, heart attack)
  • cerebrovascular disease (involves stroke)
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7
Q

Changes in CVD disease death rates since 1900

A
  • CVD death rates increased and peaked in mid 1960s
  • although CVD death rates have declined over time, they continue to a major cause of death in Australia
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8
Q

Changes in respiratory disease death rates since 1900

A
  • pneumonia + influenza were major causes of death in 1907
  • 1919 Spanish influenza pandemic
    –> higher rates of respiratory death rates around that time
  • respiratory diseases were common in the mining industry bc there were few OHS regulations to prevent inhaling mining dust
  • Since 2000, COPD has become the biggest contributor to respiratory disease death rates
  • respiratory death rates have largely fallen since 1900
  • covid 19 may create a spike in respiratory death rates in those years
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9
Q

Changes in injury/poisoning death rates since 1900

A
  • since 1900, death rates for injury and poisoning have more than halved for males + females
  • mandatory wearing seatbelt laws introduced in 1970s –> death rates from injury caused by motor/vehicle accidents have decreased since 1970s
  • death rates for Australian male soldiers serving overseas aren’t counted in Australian mortality statistics –> male death rates from injury and poisoning aren’t as accurate
  • poor working conditions in early 20th century including exposure to toxic substances, physical injury from limited OHS regulations –> higher rates of injury then compared to now
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10
Q

Danger money

A

Additional payment given to workers for agreeing to work in risky/hazardous environment

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11
Q

Public health

A

ways in which government manages, regulates and promotes health status + prevents disease

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12
Q

Old public health

A

Government actions to change physical environment to reduce spread of disease (eg. implementing better sewage + waste disposal systems, providing safe water, improving housing conditions)

–> reduces prevalence of infectious and parasitic diseases, respiratory diseases and injuries which were prevalent in first half of 20th century –> improved life expectancy, maternal + child mortality rates, death rates

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13
Q

Old public policies/practices in old public health: establishment of government-funded water + sewage systems and better sanitation

A
  • government regularly provided clean water + removed waste from streets –> reduced deaths from infectious diseases like diarrhoea, typhoid, cholera
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14
Q

‘Old public policies/practices in old public health: quarantine laws

A
  • introduced bc of bubonic plague outbreak in 1900 –> prevented transmission of infectious diseases across countries
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15
Q

Old public policies/practices in old public health: Elimination of housing slums + introduction of better quality housing

A
  • housing built-in with drains and connected to a sewerage system + better ventilation + upheld building codes + have planned land to reduce overcrowding
  • attempt to clean up housing slums
    –> reduced deaths from respiratory diseases (Eg. pneumonia) and infectious diseases (eg. typhoid cholera)
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16
Q

Old public policies/practices in old public health: improved food and nutrition

A
  • at start of 1900s, food was contaminated with microorganisms (Eg. bacteria) that transmitted disease from lack of hygiene and food storage
  • Pure Foods Act in 1905 improved food safety + standards by:
  • introducing penalties to uphold food safety + standards
  • awareness campaigns about food hygiene + safety – nutritional advantages of fruit/veg marketed by public health workers – > improved refrigeration –> reduced need for meat-curing –> reduced stomach cancer rates
  • School of Milk Program provided milk to school kids to reduce protein + calcium deficiencies –> better physical h+wb as children + better resistance/recovery to infectious/respiratory diseases as adults
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17
Q

Old public policies/practices in old public health: improved working conditions

A
  • provided better ventilation + tiolets in workplaces
  • laws prohibited employment of kids under 13 + regulated employment of kids between 13-16 –> reduced child work-related deaths
  • Harvester Judgement in 1907 enforced minimum wage for employers to pay workers –> reduced poverty-related illness
  • Victorian Health Act of 1919 put regulations to govern dangerous jobs –> reduced workplace injuries
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18
Q

Old public policies/practices in old public health: establishment of public health campaigns

A
  • after ww2, government gave states funding to introduce tuberculosis + venereal disease public health campaigns to address high morbidity + mortality rates from these diseases
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19
Q

Old public policies/practices in old public health: more hygienic birthing places

A
  • in early 1900s, emphasis placed on providing safe + hygienic birthing conditions with trained medical professionals –> reduced maternal + infant mortality rates
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20
Q

Old public policies/practices in old public health: provision of antenatal and infant welfare services

A
  • after ww2, governemnts become responsible for provision of antenatal + infant welfare services. By 1937, more than 200 infant welfare service operated in Vic
  • regulations for better quality milk –> increased breastfeeding rates –> reduced fertility rates –> reduced infant mortality rates
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21
Q

Impact of vaccines discovery

A
  • treated infectious diseases
  • reduced morbidity + mortality rates from diseases like smallpox, tuberculosis, measles
  • Aus government introduced public health policies resulting in mass vaccinations for diphtheria, tuberculosis, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis and measles
22
Q

Shift to health promotion

A

as life expectancy increased –> changes in disease patterns —> emergence of lifestyles diseases in 1950s/60s
- during which time was a shift towards publicly funded health promotion campaigns –> cause individual behaviour change by increasing awareness of causes of ill health like smoking, inactivity, poor diet

23
Q

Features of the biomedical approach to health

A
  • focuses on ill individuals
  • concerned with disease, illness, disability
  • relies on services provided by doctors/hospitals
  • quick fix approach
  • relies on tech to diagnose, treat, cure
24
Q

Biomedical approach: dominance of medical science

A
  • biomedical approach became dominant through 20th century as people wanted to understand the cause + treatment of disease
  • shift in health policy to one focused on curative/restorative medicine –> increased demand for hospital/medical care –> more complex + expensive medical tech used –> financial strain on healthcare system
25
Q

Biomedical approach: advances in medical technology

A
  • allow better diagnosis, treatment and cure
  • antibiotics + vaccines –> reduced death rates from infectious diseases
  • penicillin –> reduced morbidity + mortality from infections
    –> reduced maternal mortality as many women died from infection during childbirth
26
Q

Biomedical approach: diseases of the cardiovascular system

A
  • intro of stethoscope in 1910 –> allowed doctors to view action of heart
  • into of heart-lung bypass machine in 1950s –> gave surgeons more time to do complex heart procedures
  • from 1967, surgery used to bypass coronary artery obstructions –> reduced mortality
  • antihypertensive drugs managed hypertension – reduced mortality from cvd
27
Q

Advantages of biomedical approach to health

A

Funding brings improvements in tech/research: without biomedical approach, there’s no medical tech + little knowledge about diagnosis/treatment of disease

Effective treatment of conditions: medicines stop diseases that would develop and cause ill health/death

Extends life expectancy: many common causes of death common in past, like some infectious diseases, can be treated/cured now –> increased life expectancy

Improves quality of life/HALE: chronic conditions can be managed w medication, therapy, surgery –> reduced pain–>
more HALE and improved quality of life

28
Q

Disadvantages of biomedical approach to health

A

Relies on professional health workers/tech, therefore is costly: people with specialist knowledge about disease/treatment are required to treat patient + cost of training, equipment (eg MRI machine), treatments (eg robotic surgery systems have increased

Doesn’t always promote good h+wb: focuses on the condition not its contributing factors –> doesn’t encourage people to be responsible for their own h+wb

Not all conditions can be treated: some conditions may have treatments but not cures

Affordability: not everyone can afford medical tech/resources in biomedical approach –> differences experienced in HS between population groups

29
Q

Social model of health

A

approach that recognises that improvements in h+ wb can only be achieved by addressing physical, sociocultural & political environments of health that impact individuals/population groups
- takes into account sociocultural factors like SES, access to healthcare

30
Q

Principles of social model of health

A
  • addresses broader factors of health
  • involves intersectoral collaboration
  • acts to reduce social inequities
  • actions to enable access to healthcare
  • empowers individuals and communities
31
Q

Principles of social model of health: addresses broader factors of health

A

behavioural factors (eg. reducing tobacco smoking, eating healthy diet) are important in improving h+wb but are influenced by broader factors (eg. gender, culture, geographical location, SES). These broader factors are becoming focus of health promotion strategies and are key to improving HS and h+wb

32
Q

Principles of social model of health: involves intersectoral collaboration

A
  • organisations in public sector like gov departments for employment, education finance + private sector like service providers outside health system influence sociocultural + physical environmental factors that impact HS
    –> organisations in public + private sector working together in intersectoral collaboration –> sociocultural + physical environmental factors are more effectively addressed
33
Q

intersectoral collaboration

A

groups from different sectors (eg public + private sector) work together to achieve a common goal

34
Q

Principles of social model of health: acts to reduce social inequities

A
  • to reduce social inequities, sociocultural (eg. gender, SES, culture, social exclusion) + environmental factors contributing to health status inequities must be addressed to improve h+wb + HS
35
Q

Principles of social model of health: acts to enable access to healthcare

A
  • many sociocultural + environmental factors (eg. cultural/language barriers, economic and geographic factors, education levels) can impact access to healthcare, which influences h+wb and HS
  • providing healthcare access means it should be accessible for everyone, easy to understand and take factors like culture, gender into consideration
36
Q

Principles of social model of health: empowers individuals and communities

A

people are more likely to feel empowered about their health by building their health knowledge + skills –> sense of power of situation –> more likely to participate in decisions + make positive changes to their h+wb

37
Q

Advantages of social model of health

A

Promotes good h+wb and assists in disease prevention – since social model focuses on broader h+wb determinants, it can prevent disease from developing –> improved h+wb and HS

Holistic approach to h+wb – social model doesn’t just focus on present diseases but all h+wb dimensions –> improved overall h+wb

Cheaper than biomedical model of health – health promotion programs cheaper than treating conditions when symptoms arise

Focuses on vulnerable groups– as principle of social model is reducing equity, health promotion programs focus on disadvantaged groups like Indigenous, low SES, those living outside major cities

Health education – passed between generations – social model uses health education which can be passed between generations –> sustainable HS improvements

Shared responsibility for h+wb – social model extends h+wb responsibility to more than health sector so reasons for poor h+wb can be addressed

38
Q

Disadvantages of social model of health

A

Not every condition can be prevented – genetic conditions can be difficult to prevent

Doesn’t promote development of medical knowledge + technology – as social model focuses on h+wb detriments –> doesn’t promote medical advancements

Doesn’t address individual h+wb concerns – sick people aren’t the focus of social model of health –> negatively impact their h+wb and population’s HS

Health promotion messages may be ignored – social model of health relies on public cooperation –> if people ignore health promotion messages, h+wb doesn’t improve

39
Q

Ottawa Charter

A

approach developed by WHO which reflects the social model + aims to reduce health inequalities

40
Q

what is health promotion according to Ottawa Charter?

WILL BE ASKED ON SAC MAKE SURE THIS IS MEMORISED

A

process of enabling people to increase control over + improve their health. Health promotion according to the charter focuses on prevention not cure + uses the causes of disease not disease itself as starting paint

41
Q

Identify the strategies for health promotion?

A
  • advocate
  • enable
  • mediate
42
Q

Strategies for health promotion: advocate
- explain + examples

A

advocacy aims to represent people to get policies from governments/societies that support influencing h+wb factors to improve everyone’s h+wb
- eg. media campaigns, public speaking, lobbying government

43
Q

Strategies for health promotion: enable
- explain + examples

A

provides populations with poorer HS with opportunities and resources to improve their h+wb –> individuals take control over influencing health factors –> reduced heath inequalities –> reduced HS differences between populations
- eg. providing access to education, housing, nutritious food to Indigenous Australians, low SES, living outside major cities

44
Q

Strategies for health promotion: mediate
- explain + examples

A

working with groups to negotiate agreements about health funding or legislation that changes the physical/sociocultural environment
- eg. negotiating about reducing speed limits, increasing alcohol minimum age

45
Q

What are the actions areas of Ottawa Charter?

A
  • build healthy public policy
  • create supportive environment
  • strengthen community action
  • develop personal skills
  • reorient health services
46
Q

action area of Ottawa Charter: build healthy public policy
- explain + examples

A

decisions made by government/organisations about laws to make healthier choices easier + make it more difficult for people to do unhealthy behaviours
eg.
- removing GST on unprocessed food –> encourages healthy food by making it cheaper
- increased tax on alcohol + tobacco –> discourages unhealthy behaviour by making it more expensive
- smoking ban in public places – > makes environment healthy
- mandatory seatbelt law –> encourages safer behaviour

47
Q

action area of Ottawa Charter: create supportive environment
- explain + examples

A

healthy physical/sociocultural environment for community members to reduce health determinants
eg.
- shaded public areas –> reduced sun exposure
- investing in sustainable energy production –> ensures future generation has healthy environment
- supportive family that promotes healthy behaviours like eating healthy

48
Q

action area of Ottawa Charter: strengthen community action
- explain + examples

A

building links between individuals + community and them working together to achieve common goal –> gives sense of ownership of h+wb strategy –> increases likelihood of it being effective
eg.
- Central Australian Aboriginal Congress –involves aboriginals working together to improve their h+wb, creating a sense of community connection
- immunisation strategy involves media, medical professionals, schools working together to achieve higher child immunisation rates

49
Q

action area of Ottawa Charter: develop personal skills
- explain + examples

A

gaining health knowledge/skills through education to allow people to make informed health decisions
eg.
- community centre running skill classes
- quit campaigns
- educating parents about sunscreen use importance for kids

50
Q

action area of Ottawa Charter: reorient health services
- explain + examples

A

changing health system from biomedical model focused on treatment to social model focused on promoting h+wb –> shift towards health promotion –> addresses determinants to health
eg.
- doctors focusing on healthy eating than medication/surgery to reduce CVD impact
- doctors recommending physical activity tp prevent development of conditions like diabetes
- giving funding for health promotion campaigns

HHD unit 3 (7 decks)

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