C4: variations in health status between population groups Flashcards
1
Q
Biological factors contributing to heath status variations
A
factors relating to the body that impact h+wb
- body weight
- blood pressure
- blood cholesterol
- glucose regulation
- birth weight
- genetics (including gender)
2
Q
Sociocultural factors contributing to heath status variations
A
social + cultural conditions which people are born, grow live, work and age
- socioeconomic status (education, occupation, income)
- unemployment
- social connections & social exclusion
- cultural norms
- food security
- early life experiences
- access to healthcare
3
Q
socioeconomic status (SES)
A
refers to education, occupation, income
- the social standing of an individual compared to others in society
4
Q
Health literacy
A
the capacity of individuals to obtain, process and understand basic health info + services to make appropriate health decisions
5
Q
social exclusion
A
the segregation that people experience if they aren’t adequately participating in the society they live in – feeling disconnected, little opportunities to use resources available to them in society (eg. education, healthcare)
- can cause or be caused by mental illness
6
Q
social isolation
A
individuals who aren’t in regular contact with others
7
Q
food insecurity
A
individual’s inability to obtain healthy, affordable food
8
Q
food security
A
individual’s ability to obtain nutritious, adequete, culturally appropriate, safe food through local, non-emergency sources
9
Q
Environmental factors contributing to heath status variations
A
- housing
- work environment
- urban design + infastructure
- climate + climate change
10
Q
Aspects of housing that contribute to health status (know some not all)
A
- ventilation –> increased risk of respiratory conditions
- design + safety –> increased risk of injury, falls (stairs, balcony etc)
- overcrowding -
-> strain on facilities –> increased risk of infectious disease
–> less space to work/study –> reduced education/work opportunities
–> no space to relax –> increased mental health issue rates - sleeping conditions –> noise means poor quality sleep –> increased mental health issue rates
- security –> increased risk of intruders –> promotes fear in residents –> increased stress levels
- pollutants –> increased risk of respiratory conditions
- resources conducive to eating a nutritionally sound diet –> reduces risk of obesity + related conditions
- access to water + sanitation facilities –> reduces risk of infectious diseases
11
Q
Sanitation
A
process of eliminating contact between human and hazardous wastes (eg. human feces, sewage water)
12
Q
Factors of urban design + Infrastructure
A
- geographical location of resources (like hospitals, schools, workplace)
- infrastructure including roads + transport systems, electricity, communications systems, water + sanitation
13
Q
Infrastructure
A
the physical organisation structure needed for society to operate (eg buildings, roads)
14
Q
Elements of infrastructure (+ impact on health status)
A
- adequately maintained road systems –> decreases risk of road accidents –> reduced morbidity and mortality from road accidents
- public transport systems –> increase access to resources like food, employment, healthcare, social interaction –> promote health status
- information + communication technologies
–> assists in maintaining social connections –> promotes mental + social health –> decreased risk of mental illness
–> increases ability of people in rural areas to gain employment/education –> increases socioeconomic status
–> increases ability to access health info (eg symptom checkers) –> increases health literacy - electricity –> for heating, cooling, food storage, communication –> promotes h+wb
- water –> for drinking, cleaning, cooking, hygiene –> reduces risk of infectious diseases –> promotes h+wb
- adequate sanitation –> like sewage systems –> eliminates wastes from environment –> reduced risk of infectious diseases
- access to adequate public spaces (eg parks) + recreational facilities –> promotes physical activity + social interaction –> reduced risk of mental health problems & obesity
15
Q
Variations in Indigenous Australians: Biological factors – body weight
A
- have higher BMI rates across all age groups –> increased risk of CVD, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis
- indigenous adults obesity rate is 1.5 x higher than non indigenous population –> increases risk of syndrome X
16
Q
Variations in Indigenous Australians: Biological factors – blood pressure
A
Aboriginals are 1.3 x more likely to report hypertension –> risk factor for stroke + heart disease
17
Q
Syndrome X
A
when a person is genetically disposed to exhibit a range of factors (abdominal obesity, high cholesterol, insulin resistance) that increase the risk of CVD + type 2 diabetes, hypertension, which can lead to premature death
- NOT a biological factor but a result of biological factors
18
Q
Variations in Indigenous Australians: Biological factors – glucose regulation
A
experience higher rates of impaired glucose regulation –> higher diabetes + kidney disease rate
19
Q
Variations in Indigenous Australians: Biological factors – birth weight
A
Indigenous Australian mothers:
- 2 x more likely to give birth to baby with low birth weight
- more likely to give to birth to premature babies
–> higher under 5 mortality rate
–> maternal tobacco use, nutrition, access to healthcare contribute to this difference
20
Q
Variations in Indigenous Australians: Sociocultural factors – socioeconomic status
A
more likely to experience lower socioeconomic status
- have lower average incomes, poorer education achievements, lower homeownership rates
- low education outcomes –> lower health literacy rates –> increases risk of smoking, dietary risks, sedentary lifestyle –> higher rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes, CVD, lung cancer
21
Q
Variations in Indigenous Australians: Sociocultural factors – unemployment
A
4 x more likely to be unemployed
- indigenous Australian unemployment rate between 20-28%
increases rates of smoking, alcohol use, reduced overall feelings of wellbeing, CVD, mental health problems, lung cancer
22
Q
Variations in Indigenous Australians: Sociocultural factors – social exclusion
A
social exclusion, especially discrimination + racism lead to poorer indigenous health status
- increases risk of mental health disorders, tobacco/drug/alcohol use
- 32% of indigenous adults reported avoiding seeking healthcare bc of cultural factors – language barriers, lack of trust in health provider, experiences of discrimination –> increased length + severity of condition –> higher levels of morbidity + mortality
- high levels of racism –> high levels of psychological distress –> participation in risky behaviours –> increased risk of tobacco + alcohol use –> self-harm, CVD, respiratory diseases, cancers, type 2 diabetes, obesity, suicide
- high levels of psychological distress were increased in indigenous adults who were removed or had relatives removed from their family
23
Q
Variations in Indigenous Australians: Sociocultural factors –food insecurity
A
- more likely to report food insecurity
contributing factors – lower income, overcrowded housing, higher cost of fresh foods in rural areas, lack of transport, lack of nutritional knowledge –> food insecurity –> increased rates of obesity –> type 2 diabetes, CVD, kidney disease
24
Q
Variations in Indigenous Australians: Sociocultural factors –early life experiences
A
eearly life experiences including maternal tobacco/alcohol/drug use
- 44% of indigenous women smoked while pregnant compared to 10% of non-indigenous
- 50% of indigenous babies display effects of maternal alcohol use
- indigenous babies 3.5 x more likely to display signs of drug exposure while in uterus
- these differences –> high rates of low birth weight, infant infections, foetal alcohol spectrum disorder, under 5 mortality rate, CVD, type 2 diabetes
25
Variations in Indigenous Australians: Sociocultural factors -- cultural norms
cultural norms contribute to lower rate of indigenous access to western medicine + healthcare because they perceive western medicine as culturally inappropriate + associate hospitals with death --> undiagnosed + untreated conditions --> increased morbidity + mortality rates, reduced life expectancy
26
Variations in Indigenous Australians: Environmental factors - housing
- lack of indigenous housing --> homelessness, poor h+wb, lower employment + education participation --> social exclusion and associated health status impacts
--> increased risk of injury, infectious disease, mental health problems
- 33% live in housing with structural problems
- 10% live in housing without at least 1 working facility (eg toilet, kitchen)
- 17.9% live in overcrowded housing compared to 4.9% for non-indigenous --> strain on food + hygiene facilities --> unhygienic living conditions --.> increased risk of injury, infectious disease, mental
27
Variations in Indigenous Australians: Environmental factors - water/sanitation
many indigenous Australians experience inconsistent water supply + inadequate sewage systems --> lack of clean water + sanitation --> increased risk of infectious diseases like diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera --> increased morbidity + mortality rates
- 40% experience sewage leak
- indigenous people living in rural areas are less likely to access fluoridated water supply --> higher dental decay rate --> morbidity
28
Variations in Indigenous health status data/summary
- 10 years less lower life expectancy than non-indigenous Australians
- higher mortality rates in each age group
- 2 x more likely to have severe disabiltiy
- 2 x higher infant mortality rate
- 1/2 as likely to self-assess as excellent or very good
- 2.3 x higher BoD than non-indigenous population
- 2 x injury-related mortality rate
- higher rate of chronic conditions -- cancer, respiratory disease, CVD
- 3 x more high psychological distress experienced
- 3.5 x diabetes/high glucose rate
- 4 x chronic kidney disease rate
- higher STI rate
- higher dnetal decay rate
29
Variations in males and females: biological factors -- body weight
High BMI is more prevalent in males than females --> males have higher rates of hypertension, CVD, type 2 diabetes
- 32.5% of males are obese compared to 30.2% of females
30
Variations in males and females: biological factors -- blood pressure
- males are more likely to experience hypertension until they're in the 65-74 age --> after that age group, women are more likely to experience hypertension
- leads to higher rates of CVD + kidney disease among males
31
Variations in males and females: biological factors -- glucose regulation
males have higher rates of impaired glucose regulation
- males have higher DALY contributed to by impaired glucose regulation --> higher rate of type 2 diabetes + kidney disease in males
32
Variations in males and females: biological factors -- genetics
- males tend to store fat around the abdomen --> increased male risk of CVD
- males have more testosterone in the body --> increased risk-taking behaviour --> higher risk of male injuries
- women have higher levels of oestrogen than men --> menapause leads to loss of bone mass --> increased risk of osteoporosis for women 60+
- greater risk of arthritis for women
33
Variations in males and females: sociocultural factors -- unemployment
unemployment has a greater impact on male health status
- according to gender norms, men feel a sense of duty to provide physical resources for the family --> inability to provide bc of unemployment leads to feeling inadequate + stressed --> poor mental h+wb & greater morbidity + mortality from obesity, CVD and suicide
34
Variations in males and females: sociocultural factors -- Socioeconomic status (SES)
males employed full time earn higher average incomes -- males generally have higher SES --> less mental + behavioral problems & less psychological distress for men but more for women
35
Variations in males and females: sociocultural factors -- cultural norms
gender stereotypes contribute to health health status variations between men and women
males:
- men are less likely to be carers of children --> women who provide full-time care may experience social isolation -->. poor mental h+wb & higher rate of psychological distress
- physically laborious work is considered masculine (eg construction) --> increased risk of male injury in workplace
- contact sports (eg footy) are considered masculine --> increased risk of injury among males
- males are less likely to access healthcare bc they feel they need to be self-reliant/perseverant + suppress emotions --> higher male morbidity + mortality rates
- men may pressure other males to conform to traditional gender stereotypes --> promote risky behaviour like using violence to solve conflict, alcohol overconsumption --> increased male incidence of injury
females:
- media's representation of beauty standards leads to increased incidence + prevalence of eating disorders among females
36
Variations in males and females: environmental factors -- work environment
work environment is the main environmental factor contributing to differences in health status between males and females
- males are more likely to work in unsafe environments like using heavy machinery, exposure to hazardous substances
--> increased risk of injury --> increased male morbidity + mortality
- males are more likely to work in an environment w air pollution --> respiratory conditions (eg asthma) --> increased male morbidity + mortality
- males are more likely to work outside --> increased UV ray exposure --> higher male skin cancer rates
- males are more likely to work in transport --> risk of road accidents --> morbidity + mortality from injury
37
Variations between males and females health status data/summary
Males:
- male life expectancy 4 years less than females
- higher rates of BoD
- increased likelihood of death in each lifespan stage
- males have higher rate of injury
- males have higher suicide, road accident, violence related death
- higher rates of CVD
- higher rates of cancers -- especially skin cancer from UV rays
- higher diabetes & kidney disease rate
- higher COPD rates
Females:
- higher rates of osteoporosis + arthiritis
- higher rates of mental + behavioural problems
- more likely to experience high levels of psychological distress
- more likely to experience core activity limitation
38
Variations in high and low SES: biological factors -- body weight
low SES groups have higher rates of higher body mass --> increased obesity rate --> increased death rates from CVD, type 2 diabetes --> lower life expectancy
39
Variations in high and low SES: biological factors -- blood pressure
low SES groups have higher hypertension rates --> higher rate of CVD --> higher rate of DALY + premature death
40
Variations in high and low SES: biological factors -- glucose regulation
low SES groups have higher impaired glucose regulation rates --> higher burden of type 2 diabetes + kidney disease
41
Variations in high and low SES: biological factors -- birth weight
women with low SES are more likely to give birth to low birthweight babies --> higher under 5 mortality rate, infection rate + disability among low SES groups
42
Variations in high and low SES: sociocultural factors -- education and income
low SES groups have lower levels of education + lower incomes
- influences higher rate of behaviours like unhealthy eating, smoking, pack of physical activity, lower likelihood of healthcare access --> lower life expectancy, higher morbidity + mortality rates
- lower average income + education in low SES groups --> lower health literacy --> lower rates of healthcare use --> conditions go undiagnosed + untreated --> higher rates of morbidity + mortality for low SES groups
low SES groups feel like they lack a lack of control over their life --> sense of helplessness --> risky behaviours like smoking --> higher rates of premature mortality + lower life expectancy
43
Variations in high and low SES: sociocultural factors -- unemployment
low SES groups are more likely to be unemployed
- creates cycle between unemployment + poor health status
- creates cycle between unemployment and risk-taking behaviours
44
Variations in high and low SES: sociocultural factors -- social exclusion
- low SES can lead to social exclusion as they are less likely to gain education, employment, access to community resources --> poor physical + mental h+wb
45
Variations in high and low SES: sociocultural factors -- food security
- healthy food options are more expensive in low SES areas + low SES groups have less financial resources to afford nutritious food -- > food insecurity --> fruit + vegetable underconsumption
--> less satiety from a lack of fibre--> overeating --> obesity --> associated conditions like CVD, type 2 diabetes
--> lack of fibre --> colorectal cancer
--> lack of antioxidants from fruit --> free radicals aren't removed --> damaged cells --> cancers
- low SES groups have lower levels of health literacy --> more less knowledge about healthy eating --> dietary risks (see above)
46
Variations in high and low SES: sociocultural factors -- early life experiences
- women in low SES groups are 6 x more likely to smoke during pregnancy --> higher rates of respiratory conditions like asthma, low birthweight in babies --.> high infant + under 5 mortality rates
- women in low SES groups are more likely to begin antenatal care later + have higher BMI in pregnancy --> increased risk of premature + low birthweight babies --> higher under 5 mortality rate
47
Variations in high and low SES: sociocultural factors -- access to healthcare
- low SES groups are less likely to access preventative/early detection health services --> undiagnosed health conditions --> fewer treatment options when diagnosis is made --> higher mortality rates (especially for breast + cervical cancer)
- low SES groups are less likely to have private health insurance
--> psychological distress
--> longer waiting times for surgery --> higher morbidity + mortality
48
Variations in high and low SES: sociocultural factors -- neighbourhood safety
- low SES groups are more likely to feel unsafe home alone + walking in their local area at night --> increased anxiety/stress
--> higher rates of mental health issues
49
Variations in high and low SES: environmental factors -- geographical location
- low SES areas tend to have more fast food outlets --> high in fat, salt, sugar --> increased likelihood of people in low SES areas eating these foods --> high obesity rates + associated conditions
- low SES groups have lower health literacy levels --> less educated about healthy eating --> more likely to be influenced by fast food marketing
- low SES areas have less sport + recreational facilities --> lower rates of physical activity --> increased obesity risk + associated conditions
50
Variations in high and low SES: environmental factors -- housing
l ow SES groups are less likely to be able to afford high quality housing leading to:
- overcrowding
--> strain on sanitation facilities --> increased rate of infectious disease
--> higher rates of psychological distress + mental health disorders
- inadequate cooking facilities --> reliance on fast food --> increased rate of obesity and associated conditions
- unsafe physical environment
--> inadequate ventilation --> increased risk of respiratory conditions like asthma
--> fire hazards like heating appliances --> increased risk of injury
- closer proximity to industrial sites --> air + noise pollution --> increased respitory conditions + stress
- low SES groups have higher smoking rate --> children + non smokers more likely to be exposed to environmental tobacco smoke --> increased risk of SDS, respiratory diseases like asthma, cancer, CVD
51
Variations in high and low SES: environmental factors -- work environment
- low SES groups are more likely to work in dangerous work environments (factory, manufacturing) --> increased exposure to hazardous substances + working w heavy machinery --> increased rate of injury, respiratory conditions, cancers
52
Variations in those living within and outside major cities: biological factors -- body weight
outside major cities --> higher levels of BMI --> increased risk of CVD, type 2 diabetes, cancers
53
Variations in those living within and outside major cities: biological factors -- blood cholesterol
outside major cities --> experience higher blood cholesterol --> higher rates of CVD
54
Variations in those living within and outside major cities: biological factors -- glucose regulation
outside major cities --> more likely to experience impaired glucose regulation --> increased risk of type 2 diabetes + kidney disease
55
Variations in those living within and outside major cities: biological factors -- birth weight
outside major cities --> higher rates of low birth weight babies
56
Variations in those living within and outside major cities: biological factors -- blood pressure
outside major cities --> higher rates of hypertension --> increased risk of CVD --> contributes to BoD
57
Variations in those living within and outside major cities: sociocultural factors -- SES
outside major cities --> limited opportunities for education + employment --> higher rates of risky behaviours like smoking, low levels of physical activity --> higher rates of preventable diseases like cancer, CVD + lower life expectancy
outside major cities --> lower income --> more likely to rely on social security payments --> impacts access to adequate food supply + healthcare
58
Variations in those living within and outside major cities: sociocultural factors -- unemployment
outside major cities --> higher rates of unemployment -- lower health status
59
Variations in those living within and outside major cities: sociocultural factors -- food security
outside major cities --> transporting food to remote areas is costly --> high cost + lack of steady access to fresh food --> food insecurity --> consumption of discretionary food that's higher in fat, salt, sugar --> higher rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes, CVD
60
Variations in those living within and outside major cities: sociocultural factors -- early life experiences
outside major cities --> mothers in very remote areas more likely to smoke during pregnancy --> higher rates of low birthweight babies, babies w respiratory conditions like asthma --> higher infant + under 5 mortality rate
61
Variations in those living within and outside major cities: sociocultural factors -- social isolation
outside major cities --> geographic distance causes social isolation --> feelings of loneliness --> higher rates of mental health disorders + suicide
62
Variations in those living within and outside major cities: environmental factors -- infrastructure
outside major cities --> roads are generally in poorer condition, wildlife is more likely to cross path of vehicles, roads are poorly lit --> higher rate of injury --> higher morbidity + mortality
63
Variations in those living within and outside major cities: environmental factors -- geographic location
outside major cities
- further proximity to healthcare --> people choose not to access healthcare --> undiagnosed + untreated conditions --> higher morbidity + mortality
- specialist health services or hospitalisation --> family need to take time off work to transport ill person to health services -->
increased costs + stress levels
- geographical location influences types of food available --> difficult to access fresh food --> reliance on discretionary foods that's high in fat salt, sugar --> increased risk of obesity. CVD, type 2 diabetes
- geographic location --> less access to fluoridated water --> increased rates of dental decay
- geographical barriers to recreational facilities, transport, employment opportunities --> low SES, unemployment --> higher morbidity + mortality, lower life expectancy
- geographical isolation --> social isolation
64
Variations in those living within and outside major cities: environmental factors -- climate + climate change
outside rural areas
more prone to unstable weather (drought, fire, flood eg) --> unstable income --> low SES + increased stress levels
- increased frequency of natural disasters (bushfire eg)
--> increased risk of injury
--> reduced access to support services to deal with climate change --> increased rates of mental health conditions + self harm
unpredictable rainfall --> reduced availability of water for agriculture + livestock
65
Variations in those living within and outside major cities: environmental factors -- work environments
many jobs in rural areas are based outdoors
--> higher risk of injuries
--> increased UV ray exposure --> increased incidence of skin cancer
