C3: factors influencing health status & BoD

Question 1

Smoking risks

Answer 1

• cvd
• cancers
• prenatal + infant health outcomes – low birthweight, increased risk of disease, premature death –> infant + under 5 mortality rate
• respitory conditions (asthma, COPD)
• increased risk of infection

Question 2

COPD

Answer 2

• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• an umbrella of respiratory conditions like emphysema + bronchitis
• result from smoking –> causes airway inflammation –> damaged lung tissue –> reduces airflow into lungs + limits ability to use oxygen

Question 3

Atherosclerosis

Answer 3

Toxins (smoking, LDL cholesterol) enter bloodstream –> plaque buildup on endothelium (inner artery wall) –> endothelium sends white blood cells to destroy toxins –> white blood cells consume too much and die –> white blood cells die –> become foam cells –> foam cell buildup becomes plaque –> calcium from endothelium hardens plaque and therefore arteries –> blood clots within the artery –> blocks blood flow throughout the body –> CVD including heart attack and stroke

• caused by smoking, high BMI, high fat intake

Question 4

Alcohol use risks

Answer 4

• high BMI and associated conditions
• cancers
• liver disease (includes cirrhosis – breakdown of liver)
• injury
• mental health issues
• prenatal/infant health outcomes – foetal alcohol spectrum disorder, premature birth, low birthweight

Question 5

Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Answer 5

• umbrella of conditions that occur in person whose mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy
• causes low birth weight, physical defects, intellectual disability, behavioural problems

Question 6

High BMI risks

Answer 6

• cvd
• cancers
• type 2 diabetes
• chronic kidney disease
• osteoporosis
• asthma
• mental health issues
• maternal health conditions

Question 7

Vegetable underconsumption risks

Answer 7

• high BMI and associated conditions
• cancers
• cvd
• neural tube defects

Question 8

nutrient dense

Answer 8

foods high in nutrients like vitamins and minerals (eg. fruits/vegetables)

Question 9

Antioxidants

Answer 9

compounds in food that neutralise free radicals (molecules that damage body cells –> risk of cancer)

Question 10

neural tube defects

Answer 10

• caused by underconsumption of fruits/vegetables
• damage to brain + spine during prenatal development (eg. spina bifida, scoliosis)

Question 11

Fruit underconsumption risks

Answer 11

• high BMI and accosiated conditions
• cancers
• cvd
• neural tube defects

Question 12

Dairy underconsumption risks

Answer 12

• osteoporosis
• colorectal cancer
• type 2 diabetes
• dental caries (teeth decay)

Question 13

high fat intake risks

Answer 13

• high BMI and associated conditions
• atherosclerosis –> cvd
• colorectal cancer
• type 2 diabetes

Question 14

high salt intake risks

Answer 14

• increased blood volume –> hypertension –> cvd
• osteoporosis

Question 15

high sugar intake risks

Answer 15

• high BMI and associated conditions
• dental caries

Question 16

low fibre intake risks

Answer 16

• high BMI and associated conditions
• colorectal cancer
• high cholesterol –> cvd
• type 2 diabetes

Question 17

low iron intake risks

Answer 17

• aenemia (reduced ability for body to deliver enough oxygen to cells because of lack of red blood cells)

Question 18

Cholesterol

Answer 18

type of fat
- LDL: low density lipoprotein
- HDL: high density lipoprotein

Question 19

Types of fat (+which is good/bad

Answer 19

Good fats:
- polyunsaturated fat
- monounsaturated fat

Bad fats:
- trans fats
- saturated fats

Question 20

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 20

food is digested and broken down into glucose (energy) –> body signals pancreas to produce insulin –> glucose and insulin enter the bloodstream –> toxic fat blocks the insulin from allowing glucose to enter cells to provide the body with energy to function –> increased glucose + insulin levels –> body produces more glucose + insulin –> type 2 diabetes (imbalance of glucose and insulin)

• caused by high BMI – alcohol use, vegetable/fruit underconsumption, dairy underconsumption, high fat intake, high sugar intake, low fibre intake,