C2: health status indicators Flashcards

1
Q

trend

A

movement of data in a direction
- can be positive or negative trend

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2
Q

Health status

A

an individual/population’s overall health taking into consideration the health status indicators

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3
Q

health status indicators

A

used to measure health status
tends use data related to physical h+wb because it’s more observable and measurable

  • self-assesed health status
  • life expectancy – at birth + health adjusted
  • morbidity – incidence + prevalence
  • mortality – infant mortality, under 5 morality &
    maternal mortality
  • burden of disease – DALY – YLL + YLD
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4
Q

self-assesed health status

A

an individual’s perception of their health
- not a reliable heath status indicator bc it’s SUBJECTIVE
- measured on a scale from excellent to poor

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5
Q

life expectancy

A

the average number of years a person can expect to live at a given time if the death rates don’t change
- life expectancy is the lowest in the infant stage bc they’re most susceptible to disease
- life expectancy is useful for comparing different populations –> government can identify age groups of concern and provide resources

  • at birth: the number of years a person can expect to live at birth if the death rates don’t change
  • life expectancy increases as a person gets older
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6
Q

Health adjusted life expectancy (HALE)

A

number of years that an individual can be expected to live in full health
- indicates quality of life

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7
Q

Male vs female life expectancy

A

Female: 85 years
Male: 81 years

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8
Q

Mortality

A

the number of deaths in a population at a given time

  • identifies leading causes of death –> shows effectiveness of current health interventions –> shows if different interventions should be put in place to reduce mortality to improve health status
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9
Q

Mortality rate

A

number of deaths per 100,000 people

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10
Q

Top 5 causes of mortality 2019 in order

A
  1. Cancer
  2. Cardiovascular disease
  3. Respitory diseases
  4. Injury and poisoning
  5. Infectious diseases
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11
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

rate of infants who died before their 1st birthday, expressed per 1,000 live births

  • reflects the effectiveness of current social + economic resources available –> reflects ability of society to use resources to support human life
  • indicates if government needs to provide additional resources to society to support their health
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12
Q

Leading causes of infant mortality rate

A

SIDS (sudden infant death - biggest contributor)
asphyxia: interrupted breathing leading to low oxygen levels and death
Congenital malformations: physical defects that develop in a child while in the uterus or after birth

  • indicates social + economic resource availability
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13
Q

Under 5 infant mortality rate

A
  • rate of deaths of children before their 5th birthday, expressed per 1,000 live births
  • includes infant mortality data
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14
Q

Under 5 infant mortality rate contributing factors

A
  • improvements in health technology and services
  • national child vaccination programs
  • child safety laws
  • increased parental health literacy/awareness about risk factors like injury/illness
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15
Q

Maternal mortality rate

A

the rate of deaths of mothers during pregnancy, delivery or 6 weeks after delivery, which is expressed per 100,000 live births
- shows what health measures need to be put in place to reduce the risk of pregnancy or childbirth-related maternal deaths

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16
Q

Maternal mortality contributing factors

A
  • improved health technology and services
  • improvements in identification/reporting maternal deaths
    increased average age of women giving birth

Leading causes
- higher rate of obesity –> cardiovascular disease

17
Q

Morbidity

A

the level of ill health in an individual or population at a given time
measured by incidence and prevalence

  • helps government to put more effective health strategies in place to address most common conditions
18
Q

Incidence

A

The number of new cases for a condition at a given time in proportion to a population

19
Q

Prevalence

A

The total number of cases for a condition at a given time in proportion to a population

20
Q

Hospital separations

A

The process of staying overnight in hospital and being separated from family

  • begins with hospital admission
  • ends with death/discharge/transferred
21
Q

Burden of disease

A

the measure of the gap between the current and ideal health status, where everyone lives to an old age, free of disease or disability.
- measured by the unit DALY

  • with an aging population, the burden of disease will increase
  • more YLD is contributed than YLL because people are more likely to die of lifestyle related issues
22
Q

Disability-adjusted life year (DALY)

A
  • shows burden of disease – contributed by YLL + YLD
  • shows how many years of healthy life are lost due to disease and premature death
  • DALY is a good measure of health status bc it shows the level of disease + death in a population –> indicates trends in leading causes that contribute to years of healthy life lost
    –> can ensure that health interventions are put in place for conditions that contribute more DALY
23
Q

YLL

A

years of life lost to premature death
- fatal component of DALY

  • a condition can cause more deaths but contribute less YLL because the year in which the individuals died was closer to the life expectancy, which means that fewer years compared to the life expectancy were lost
24
Q

YLD

A

years of healthy life lost to disease or disability
- non-fatal component of DALY