C2: health status indicators

Question 1

trend

Answer 1

movement of data in a direction
- can be positive or negative trend

Question 2

Health status

Answer 2

an individual/population’s overall health taking into consideration the health status indicators

Question 3

health status indicators

Answer 3

used to measure health status
tends use data related to physical h+wb because it’s more observable and measurable

• self-assesed health status
• life expectancy – at birth + health adjusted
• morbidity – incidence + prevalence
• mortality – infant mortality, under 5 morality &
  maternal mortality
• burden of disease – DALY – YLL + YLD

Question 4

self-assesed health status

Answer 4

an individual’s perception of their health
- not a reliable heath status indicator bc it’s SUBJECTIVE
- measured on a scale from excellent to poor

Question 5

life expectancy

Answer 5

the average number of years a person can expect to live at a given time if the death rates don’t change
- life expectancy is the lowest in the infant stage bc they’re most susceptible to disease
- life expectancy is useful for comparing different populations –> government can identify age groups of concern and provide resources

• at birth: the number of years a person can expect to live at birth if the death rates don’t change
• life expectancy increases as a person gets older

Question 6

Health adjusted life expectancy (HALE)

Answer 6

number of years that an individual can be expected to live in full health
- indicates quality of life

Question 7

Male vs female life expectancy

Answer 7

Female: 85 years
Male: 81 years

Question 8

Mortality

Answer 8

the number of deaths in a population at a given time

• identifies leading causes of death –> shows effectiveness of current health interventions –> shows if different interventions should be put in place to reduce mortality to improve health status

Question 9

Mortality rate

Answer 9

number of deaths per 100,000 people

Question 10

Top 5 causes of mortality 2019 in order

Answer 10

1. Cancer
2. Cardiovascular disease
3. Respitory diseases
4. Injury and poisoning
5. Infectious diseases

Question 11

Infant mortality rate

Answer 11

rate of infants who died before their 1st birthday, expressed per 1,000 live births

• reflects the effectiveness of current social + economic resources available –> reflects ability of society to use resources to support human life
• indicates if government needs to provide additional resources to society to support their health

Question 12

Leading causes of infant mortality rate

Answer 12

SIDS (sudden infant death - biggest contributor)
asphyxia: interrupted breathing leading to low oxygen levels and death
Congenital malformations: physical defects that develop in a child while in the uterus or after birth

• indicates social + economic resource availability

Question 13

Under 5 infant mortality rate

Answer 13

• rate of deaths of children before their 5th birthday, expressed per 1,000 live births
• includes infant mortality data

Question 14

Under 5 infant mortality rate contributing factors

Answer 14

• improvements in health technology and services
• national child vaccination programs
• child safety laws
• increased parental health literacy/awareness about risk factors like injury/illness

Question 15

Maternal mortality rate

Answer 15

the rate of deaths of mothers during pregnancy, delivery or 6 weeks after delivery, which is expressed per 100,000 live births
- shows what health measures need to be put in place to reduce the risk of pregnancy or childbirth-related maternal deaths

Question 16

Maternal mortality contributing factors

Answer 16

• improved health technology and services
• improvements in identification/reporting maternal deaths
  increased average age of women giving birth

Leading causes
- higher rate of obesity –> cardiovascular disease

Question 17

Morbidity

Answer 17

the level of ill health in an individual or population at a given time
measured by incidence and prevalence

• helps government to put more effective health strategies in place to address most common conditions

Question 18

Incidence

Answer 18

The number of new cases for a condition at a given time in proportion to a population

Question 19

Prevalence

Answer 19

The total number of cases for a condition at a given time in proportion to a population

Question 20

Hospital separations

Answer 20

The process of staying overnight in hospital and being separated from family

• begins with hospital admission
• ends with death/discharge/transferred

Question 21

Burden of disease

Answer 21

the measure of the gap between the current and ideal health status, where everyone lives to an old age, free of disease or disability.
- measured by the unit DALY

• with an aging population, the burden of disease will increase
• more YLD is contributed than YLL because people are more likely to die of lifestyle related issues

Question 22

Disability-adjusted life year (DALY)

Answer 22

• shows burden of disease – contributed by YLL + YLD
• shows how many years of healthy life are lost due to disease and premature death
• DALY is a good measure of health status bc it shows the level of disease + death in a population –> indicates trends in leading causes that contribute to years of healthy life lost
  –> can ensure that health interventions are put in place for conditions that contribute more DALY

Question 23

YLL

Answer 23

years of life lost to premature death
- fatal component of DALY

• a condition can cause more deaths but contribute less YLL because the year in which the individuals died was closer to the life expectancy, which means that fewer years compared to the life expectancy were lost

Question 24

YLD

Answer 24

years of healthy life lost to disease or disability
- non-fatal component of DALY