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GCSE - Chemistry > C3 - structure and bonding > Flashcards

C3 - structure and bonding Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the structure of a solid

A

fixed shape and volume
cannot be compressed
vibrate

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2
Q

what is the structure of a liquid

A

fixed volume
can flow and change shape
occupy more space than solid

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3
Q

what is the structure of a gas

A

no fixed shape or volume
compressed easily

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4
Q

what does particle theory describe

A

movement of particles
average distance between particles

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5
Q

how does a solid turn into a liquid

A

the solid is heated
the hotter it gets the more the particles vibrate
vibrations become so strong the particles break free
becomes liquid

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6
Q

how does a liquid become a gas

A

the liquid is heated
the hotter it gets the more it’s particles move
temperature rises and more energy transferred from surrounding to particles
particles escape from surface of liquid
becomes gas

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7
Q

what are the limitations of the particle model

A

the atoms, molecules, and ions that make up substances are not spherical, and have forces acting between them
atoms are mostly empty space

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8
Q

what is sharing electrons called

A

covalent bonding

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9
Q

what is transferring electrons called

A

ionic bonding

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10
Q

how is ionic bonding represented

A

a dot and cross diagram

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11
Q

what arrangement do ionic bonds form

A

giant structure
giant lattice

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12
Q

what ions do each of the groups form

A

group 1 - 1+
group 2 - 2+
group 3 - 3+ when they form ions instead of sharing electrons
group 4 - do not form ions
group 5 - 3- when they form ions instead of sharing electrons
group 6 - 2- when they form ions instead of sharing electrons
group 7 - 1- when they form ions instead of sharing electrons
group 0 - never form ions in compounds

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13
Q

why is it difficult to break up a giant ionic lattice

A

strong ionic bonds to break
electrostatic attraction holds the ions together
i.e ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points

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14
Q

what happens when ions become a liquid

A

they are attracted to oppositely charged electrodes hell in the molten compounds

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15
Q

properties of an ionic solid

A

fixed in position in giant lattice
vibrate but cannot move around
does not conduct electricity

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16
Q

properties of a molten ionic compound

A

high temperature provides enough energy to overcome many strong attractive forces between ions
ions are free to move around within the molten compound
does conduct electricity

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17
Q

properties of an ionic compound in a solution

A

ions are free to move around within the solution
does conduct electricity

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18
Q

between what type of element does covalent bonding happen

A

between non metals

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19
Q

give an example of a giant covalent structure

A

diamond

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20
Q

what are the weak forces between molecules called

A

intermolecular forces

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21
Q

what happens to intermolecular forces as you increase the size of a molecule

A

they increase

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22
Q

what are polymers made up of

A

small reactive molecules that bond to each other to form long chains

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23
Q

why do simple molecules not conduct electricity

A

they have no overall charge

24
Q

what materials have giant covalent structures

A

diamond
graphite
silicon dioxide (silica)

25
Q

properties of giant covalent structures

A

high melting and boiling points
insoluble in water
hard and do not conduct electricity (bar graphite)

26
Q

what is the structure of graphite

A

giant covalent
carbon is only bonded to three other carbon atoms
form hexagons
arranged in layers
no covalent bonds between layers
layers can slide over eachother

27
Q

why does graphite conduct electricity and thermal energy

A

hey have delocalised electrons

28
Q

what are fullerenes

A

molecules of carbon with hollow shapes, their structures are based on hexagonal rings

29
Q

what are the properties of nano tubes

A

high tensile strength
good conductors

30
Q

what are fullerenes used for

A

delivering drugs in the body to treat cancer in specific parts of the body
lubricants
catalysts

31
Q

what is graphene

A

a single sheet of carbon atoms from graphite

32
Q

properties of graphene

A

excellent conductor
low density
strong

33
Q

what could graphene be used for

A

new developments in the electronics industry

34
Q

how are the atoms in metals arranged

A

later upon later in a regular pattern

35
Q

what is metallic bonding

A

positive metal ions held together by delocalised electrons from each metal atom

36
Q

what is an alloy

A

an alloy is a mixture of two or more elements, where at least one of which is a metal

37
Q

why are free electrons like glue?

A

the positive ion cores are attracted to the free electrons

38
Q

why are metals malleable

A

delocalised electron means lattice can distort
when metal atoms are struck the metals atoms slip past one another without breaking up the metals structure

39
Q

why are metals ductile

A

the layers of metal ions can slide over each other

40
Q

why do metals have high melting points

A

the strong electrostatic forces mean it takes a lot of energy to separate the metal ions from their fixed positions and break down the lattice

41
Q

what is nanoscience

A

the study of particles between 1 - 100 nanometers in size

42
Q

what substances are PM10

A

coarse particles or dust

43
Q

what are fine particles described as

A

PM0.1 to PM2.5

44
Q

properties of nano particles

A

highly reactive
high SA:V ratio

45
Q

how can nano particles be used in glass

A

glass can be coated with titanium oxide (nano particles)
sunshine triggers chemical reaction that breaks down dirt that lands on window
when it rains, water spread evenly and washes dirt off

46
Q

how can nano particles be used in suncream

A

titanium and zinc oxide get coated with silica
thickness of silica can be adjusted to atomic level
coated nano particles are more effective at blocking suns rays

47
Q

how can nano particles be used in cosmetics

A

nano particles in face creams are absorbed deeper into skin

48
Q

how can nano particles be used in medicine

A

tiny gold particles injected and absorbed by tumours
tumours have thin leaky blood vessels with holes large enough for gold particles to pass into, cannot get into healthy blood vessels
when laser is directed at tumour, energy is transferred to gold and they warm up quickly
temperature of tumour increases to change properties of its proteins
destroys tumour cells

49
Q

what are silver nano particles used for

A

inhibit the growth of microorganisms

50
Q

where are silver nano particles used

A

fridges
anti bacterial sprays
antimicrobial coatings (keyboards, wound dressings, biomedical devices, textile)

51
Q

how can nanowires be used

A

to construct incredibly small electronic circuits
make computers with vastly improved memory capacities and speeds

52
Q

how can nanotubes be used

A

make highly sensitive sensors
can detect tiny traces of a gas present in the breath of asthmatics before an attack

53
Q

risk of nano particles due to size

A

large surface area makes them dangerous
if a spark is made by accident near a large quantity of the catalyst there could be a violent explosion

54
Q

risk of nano particles due to amount of use

A

as they get used more and more they could find their way into the atmosphere
scientists believe health hazard increases as the diameter of particle decreases
breathing in tiny particles could damage lungs and enter bloodstream

55
Q

risk of nano particles due to entering environment

A

could affect aquatic life by accumulating in organisms over time

GCSE - Chemistry (10 decks)

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