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GCSE Chemistry > C20 - Making our resources (PAPER 2) > Flashcards

C20 - Making our resources (PAPER 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is corrosion

A

when a material reacts with substances in the environment and eventually wears away

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2
Q

What are the two ways corrosion can be prevented

A
  • physical barriers
  • sacrificial protection
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3
Q

How are physical barriers used to prevent corrosion

A
  • the material is covered with a barrier such as grease or electroplated
  • this outside layer will protect the material from corroding
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4
Q

How can aluminium be used as a physical barrier to prevent corrosion

A

the layer of aluminium around the metal reacts with oxygen in the air to form aluminium oxide.
- This layer protects the rest of the material from corroding

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5
Q

What is electroplating

A

covering a material with a thin layer of metal

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6
Q

How is sacrificial protection used to prevent corrosion

A
  • a more reactive substance is placed on the material. The more reactive substance will react with the environment instead of the main metal
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7
Q

What is the term used for applying sacrificial protection to a substance

A

galvanising

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8
Q

What is rusting

A

iron corroding by reacting with oxygen and water from the environment

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9
Q

What is the use of alloys

A

allows us to tailor the properties of metals to specific uses

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10
Q

What is the
- composition
- properties
- use
of bronze

A
  • copper and tin
  • resistant to corrosion
  • statues, decorative items, ship propellers etc.
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11
Q

What is the
- composition
- properties
- use
of brass

A
  • copper and zinc
  • very hard but workable
  • door fittings, taps, musical instruments
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12
Q

What is the
- composition
- properties
- use
of gold alloys

A
  • gold with copper, silver and zinc
  • attractive, corrosion resistant, hardness depends on carat
  • jewelley
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13
Q

How is the proportion of gold in a gold alloy measured
- What is the term for 100% gold
- What is the term for 75% gold

A
  • carats
  • 24
  • 18
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14
Q

What is the
- composition
- properties
- use
of high carbon steel

A
  • iron with 1-2% carbon
  • strong but brittle
  • cutting tools, metal presses
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15
Q

What is the
- composition
- properties
- use
of low carbon steel

A
  • iron with <1% carbon
  • soft, easy to shape
  • extensive use in manufacture of cars, machinery, ships, containers, structural steel
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16
Q

What is the
- composition
- properties
- use
of stainless steel

A
  • iron with chromium and nickel
  • resistant to corrosion, hard
  • cutlery, plumbing
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17
Q

What is the
- composition
- properties
- use
of aluminium alloys

A
  • many different alloys possible
  • low density, properties depend on composition
  • aircraft, military uses
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18
Q

What are ceramics

A

materials with versatile properties

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19
Q

How is soda-lime glass
- manufactured
- what are its properties
- what are its uses

A
  • heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate, limestone
  • transparent, brittle
  • everyday glass objects
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20
Q

How is borosilicate glass
- manufactured
- what are its properties
- what are its uses

A
  • heat sand and boron trioxide
  • transparent, brittle, higher melting point than soda-lime glass
  • oven glassware, laboratory glassware
21
Q

How are clay ceramics (pottery + bricks)
- manufactured
- what are its properties
- what are its uses

A
  • shape wet clay then heat it in a furnace
  • hard, brittle, easy to shape before manufacture, resistant to corrosion
  • crockery, construction, plumbing fixtures
22
Q

What two factors do the properties of polymers depend on

A
  • the monomers that make them up
  • the conditions under which they are made
23
Q

What does LDPE stand for
- how is it formed
- why does it have a low density

A

Low density poly(ethene)
- when the addition polymerisation reaction of ethene is carried out under high pressure and in the presence of a small amount of oxygen
- the branched polymer chains cannot pack together

24
Q

What does HDPE stand for
- how is it formed
- why does it have a high density

A

High density poly(ethene)
- when the addition polymerisation reaction of ethene is carried out using a catalyst at 50*C
- polymer chains are straight and so they can pack tightly together

25
Q

What happens when thermosoftening polymers are heated
- why

A

they soften when heated
- they do not have links between different chains

26
Q

What happens when thermosetting polymers are heated
- Why

A

they do not melt
- they have strong covalent bonds between chains (cross-linking)

27
Q

What are composites
- what is the main material called
- what are the fragments and fibres of other materials called
- what is the purpose of composites
- what are some examples of composites

A

a material with fibres from other materials added to it
- matrix
- reinforcements
- to make the material’s properties more useful
- plywood and reinforced concrete

28
Q

What are fertilisers
- what is a vital component of most fertilisers

A

important chemicals used to improve the growth of crop plants
- ammonia

29
Q

What is the name of the process of producing ammonia

A

the Haber process

30
Q

What is the word and balanced symbol equation for the production of ammonia

A

nitrogen + hydrogen ⇌ ammonia
N2 + 2H2 ⇌ 2NH3

31
Q

What are the 5 steps to the Haber process

A
  1. hydrogen from natural gas, and nitrogen from the air, are pumped in
  2. the nitrogen/hydrogen mixture is compressed to a pressure of 200 atm and heated to 450*C
  3. passes through reaction vessel containing iron catalyst
  4. the mixture of gases emerging from the reactor is cooled; ammonia liquifies and is separated
  5. unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are returned to the reaction vessel via the compressor(step 2)
32
Q

What are the three conditions used for the Haber process

A
  • iron catalyst
  • temperature of 450*C
  • pressure of around 200 atm.
33
Q

What effect would lowering the temperature in the Haber process do
- why

A
  • increase the yield but decrease the rate of reaction
  • the forward reaction is exothermic
34
Q

What effect would increasing the pressure have in the Haber process
- Why
- Why isn’t the pressure increased

A

increase the yield and rate of reaction
- fewer gas molecules on the product side
- it is very expensive to increase the pressure

35
Q

What catalyst is used in the Haber process
- what effect does it have on the reaction

A

iron
- increases the rate, does not affect the yield

36
Q

What is the benefit of using fertilisers

A

they increase the amount of food obtained from crops

37
Q

What are NPK fertilisers

A

fertilisers containing nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K)

38
Q

What is the word and symbol equation for the Haber process

A

N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3
nitrogen + hydrogen ⇌ ammonia

39
Q

What is the word and symbol equation for the reaction between ammonia and nitric acid

A

ammonia + nitric acid -> ammonium nitrate
NH3 + HNO3 -> NH4NO3

40
Q

What is nitric acid produced from

A

ammonia

41
Q

What is phosphoric acid produced from

A

mined phosphate rock

42
Q

what is the word and symbol equation for the reaction between mined phosphate rock and nitric acid

A

phosphate rock + nitric acid -> calcium nitrate
phosphate rock + HNO3 -> Ca(NO3)2

43
Q

what is the word and symbol equation for the reaction between mined phosphate rock and sulfuric acid

A

phosphate rock + sulfuric acid –> calcium phosphate + calcium sulfate
phosphate rock + H2SO4 -> CA3(PO4)2 + CaSO4

44
Q

What is the common name given to the product of mined phosphate rock and sulfuric acid

A

single superphosphate

45
Q

What is the word and symbol equation for the reaction between ammonia and phosphoric acid

A

H3PO4 + 3NH3 → (NH4)3PO4
ammonia + phosphoric acid -> ammonium phosphate

46
Q

What are the end products of combining potassium chloride and ammonium phosphate

A

NPK fertilisers

47
Q

What is the word and symbol equation for the reaction between phosphoric acid and mined phosphate rock

A

phosphoric acid + phosphate rock -> calcium phosphate
phosphate rock + H3PO4 -> Ca3(PO4)2

48
Q

What is the common name given to the product of phosphoric acid and mined phosphate rock

A

triple superphosphate

49
Q

What is the word and symbol equation for the reaction between ammonia and sulfuric acid

A

ammonia + sulfuric acid -> ammonium sulphate
NH3 + H2SO4 -> (NH4)2SO4

GCSE Chemistry (20 decks)

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