C1.2 - respiration and ATP (3n) Flashcards
what are the features of aerobic respiration in terms of:
- respiratory substrate
- oxygen requirement
- relative yield of ATP
- type of waste product
- where reactions occur in the cell
- word equation
- sugars, glycerol, fatty acids and amino acids
- with oxygen
- high yield of ATP
- carbon dioxide and water
- cytoplasm and mitochondria
- glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water
what are the features of anaerobic respiration in terms of:
- respiratory substrate
- oxygen requirement
- relative yield of ATP
- type of waste product
- where reactions occur in the cell
- word equation
- sugars and glycerol
- without oxygen
- low yield of ATP
- lactic acid
- cytoplasm
- glucose –> lactic acid
what is cell respiration?
cell respiration is a system for producing ATP within the cell, using energy released from carbon compounds
what are the principal respiratory substrates for respiration?
the principal respiratory substrates are glucose and fatty acids, but a wide range of carbon compounds can be used
what type of reaction is respiration?
there is a catabolic redox reaction that occurs during breakdown of glucose in cell respiration
what occurs during oxidation?
oxidation of the respiratory substrate, converting high-energy glucose into low-energy carbon dioxide
what occurs during reduction?
reduction reaction in which oxygen gains hydrogen atoms, forming water
what is ATP?
adenosine triphosphate - a nucleotide consisting of the adenine base, ribose sugar and three phosphate groups
why is ATP known as the energy currency within cells?
ATP stores energy that is released when organic molecules are oxidised during respiration
why are the covalent bonds between phosphate groups unstable?
the covalent bonds are unstable as they are negatively charged atoms, which repel each other
what is the activation energy of the reaction?
unstable bonds are easily hydrolyzed in an exergonic reaction, meaning that the activation energy is low, and the energy released in an exergonic reaction is free to perform cellular work in metabolism
- last 2 phosphate groups of ATP are attached to the main molecule by high energy bonds
what types of life processes within cells use ATP to supply energy?
- active transport across membranes
- anabolism to synthesise molecules, such as protein
- movement of cell components in the cell (e.g, chromosomes in mitosis or meiosis)
- movement of whole cells (using cilia or flagella)
what reaction occurs to transfer ATP to ADP?
hydrolysis of ATP releases energy in an exergonic reaction
ATP (+H2O) –> ADP + Pi
- the energy that is released was stored in the phosphate bond between the second and third phosphate groups
- the amount of energy is sufficient for many tasks in the cell
what reaction occurs to transfer ADP to ATP?
synthesis of ATP requires energy because it is an endergonic reaction
- ADP + Pi –> ATP (+H2O)
- this energy is provided from the chemical reactions of cell respiration, in which organic molecules are oxidised
- this is a condensation reaction
