C11: SDGs Flashcards
1
Q
reasons/rationale for SDGs
A
- a new set of goals were needed with the millennium development goals finished
- inequality in progress across countries
- new global challenges that needed to be considered which weren’t there in the millennium development goals
2
Q
objectives of SDGS
A
- end extreme poverty
- fight inequality/injustice
- address climate change
3
Q
SDG 3 (good h+wb) aims
A
- promote physical + mental h+wb
- extend life expectancy
- address major causes of morbidity/mortality in HI/MI/LI countries
4
Q
SDG 3 features (must know all 13)
A
1.reduce MMR
- end preventable deaths of IMR/U5MR and reducing neonatal mortality
- end epidemic of AIDS< tuberculosis, malaria, NTD, hepatitis, water-borne diseases, other communicable diseases
- reduce 1/3 premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention treatment + promote mental hwb
- strengthen prevention of substance abuse
- half deaths + injuries from road traffic accidents
- ensure global access to sexual + reproductive healthcare services
- achieve universal health coverage, including access to affordable essential medicines + vaccines
- reduce deaths + illnesses from hazardous chemical + air, water and soil pollution and contamination
- strengthen implementation of WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries
- support research and development of medicines/ vaccines for communicable + non communicable diseases + provide access to affordable essential medicine/vaccines
- increase investment in healthcare services + qualified healthcare staff, especially in LI countries
- strengthen capacity of all countries for early warning, risk reduction and management of h+wb risks
5
Q
main causes of maternal mortality
A
- haemorrage (excessive bleeding)
- sipsis (infecion)
- obstructed labour
- unsafe abortion
- hypertensive disease
6
Q
reason for improvements in maternal mortality
A
- greater access to sexual + reproductive services –> allows maternal and child health to be monitored to reduce risk of complications
- more births attended by qualified health personnel –> can provide assistance with obstructed labour, c section or haemorrhaging
- less teenage pregnancy as these are more likely to be stillbirths since girls’ body isn’t developed enough to handle childbirth
- modern contraceptive methods (eg. condoms) helps families to plan exactly the amount of children they want
7
Q
why is the neonatal-under 5 period important?
A
In the neonatal period (first 28 days), babies are most vulnerable to death due to premature birth, birth asphyxia, or infection. Children who turn 5 are more likely to survive into adulthood
8
Q
factors that can help end preventable newborn/U5 deaths
(know some)
A
- access to sexual + reproductive health services
- breastfeeding
- access to nutritious food
- provision of safe water
- access to immunisation
- increased investment in health services + providing universal health coverage
- fund research + development into new vaccines to prevent disease
9
Q
AIDS (description + causes)
A
caused by HIV, which damages immune system –> AIDS –> increased risk of cancers, infections
causes: transmission of bodily fluids
- unprotected sexual intercourse
- sharing needles
- passed from infected mother to child through breastfeeding
10
Q
antiretroviral drugs (ART) in treating AIDS
A
help delay progression of HIV to AIDS
11
Q
Addressing AIDS epidemic
A
- Increased access to prevention services
- Investment in healthcare services
- Investment in antiretroviral treatment
12
Q
malaria: vector control
A
actions to control malaria:
- insecticide-treated mosquito nets –> protects individuals from mosquitoes while sleeping
- spraying home with insecticide to kill + repel mosquitoes
removing stagnant water, the breeding ground for mosquitoes
13
Q
Addressing malaria epidemic
A
- Investment in healthcare + personnel
- Mass distribution of insecticide-treated mosquito nets
- increased access to indoor insecticide spraying
- Access to clean water + sanitation
14
Q
tuberculosis (description + causes)
A
disease that destroys lung tissue
caused by bacteria spreading from person to person through the air by coughing/sneezing
15
Q
addressing tuberculosis epidemic
A
- provide universal healthcare coverage
- more trained health personnel
- research + development into improved diagnosis, effective drugs, vaccines
- access to clean water + sanitation
16
Q
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) – description + causes
A
group of diseases that occur in tropical environments, especially in poor communities with lack of access to clean water, sanitation, healthcare
They are neglected because they receive little funding from gov and other organisations for research, prevention, treatments.
caused by contact with domestic animals, livestock, other vectors like mosquitoes etc
17
Q
NTDS: schistosomiasis
A
worm infection that occurs when people contact with fresh water contaminated with human waste
18
Q
NTDs: trachoma
A
bacterial eye infection that can cause blindness
19
Q
addressing NTDs epidemic (know some)
A
- universal health coverage
- research + development for safe/effective drugs
- cost effective diagnosis tests
- effective insecticides
- access to clean water + sanitation
20
Q
types of hepatitis
A
Hepatitis A and E (water-borne infection)
- more likely in communities w contaminated water + poor sanitation
Hepititis B and C (blood-borne infections) –> causes liver cancer + cirrhosis
- transmitted through unsafe medical injections +procedures, sexual intercourse
- Hepititis B can also be transmitted from mother to baby
Hepititis D
- transmitted through contact w infected blood + only occurs in those who’re already infected with hepititis B virus
21
Q
addressing hepatitis epidemic (know some)
A
- vaccination programs for hepatitis A, B and E
- screening blood supplies before being used for transfusions + using safe healthcare practices
- access to safe water + sanitation
- expansion of hepatitis C prevention programs
- universal health coverage
22
Q
addressing premature mortality from NCDs (non communicable diseases)
(know some)
A
- tax on alcohol + tobacco
- include easy to understand food label
- encourage systems (eg. school) to promote physical activity
- tax on sugary drinks
- increased funding to provide universal health coverage
- expand health promotion services especially in LI/MI countries
23
Q
promoting mental h+wb
A
- establish strategies to promote mental h+wb and prevent mental disorders
- develop + implement into-discrimination laws and social protection for affected
- investment in mental health services to treat + diagnose mental issues
24
Q
actions to reduce road traffic accidents
A
a coordinated approach is needed involving collaboration between transport, police, health, education sectors.
- ensure all vehicles are safe + good working condition
- education + healthy public policy to reduce reckless driver behaviour
- emergency services + healthcare to provide injured with treatment
- investing into building + maintaining safe roads
lack of resources in LI/MI countries –> less investment in loaw enforcement, education, healthcare –> more road accidents + deaths
25
actions to reduce drug + alcohol misuse
- funding for prevention + treatment services
- implementing more policies against drug + alcohol use
- working with police sector to enforce drug + alcohol laws
- education about the risks of drug + alcohol misuse
26
actions to reduce poor health from environmental pollution
- decreasing reliance on fossil fuels + using clean fuels
- more anti-tobacco laws
- government providing more incentives for clean energy sources
- proper waste management by industry sector
- access to safe water + sanitation
27
SDG 1 (definition + targets)
1 --> $
end poverty in all its forms everywhere
Targets:
- provide social protection systems
- reducing exposure to environmental disasters resulting in poverty
- ensure equal rights to essential resources and microfinance
28
example effect of SDG 1 on human development
- poverty from discrimination --> lack of rights, access to education, resources
--> reduced ability to participate in the life of their community + decisions affecting their life
--> low income --> low GNI (HD indicator)
29
example links between SDG 1 and SDG 3
from SDG 3 to SDG 1
- provision of universal health coverage --> enables all individuals to access essential healthcare at affordable price --> reduced poverty
- low rates of infection disease --> can remove community in poverty by reducing strain on personal finances + healthcare
- early warning for natural disasters --> reduced impact of natural disasters on individuals + infrastructure
SDG 1 to SDG 3
- social protection measures --> allows all individuals to access healthcare
--> universal health coverage
--> reduced deaths from infectious diseases
--> reduced IMR and U5MR
--> access to sexual + reproductive services
30
Social protection measures
measures to prevent people from suffering from poverty because of crisis or unexpected event (eg. provision of healthcare, income security for those who can't work)
31
SDG 2 (definition + targets)
end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
targets:
- end malnutrition
- allow access to nutritious food, especially for vulnerable groups by promoting sustainable agriculture
- address trade restrictions that disadvantage farmers
32
example effect of SDG 2 on human development
- hunger and malnutrition --> weakened immune system --> increased risk of infectious diseases
--> unable to work --> less GNI (indicator)
--> high death rate --> lower life expectancy (HD indicator)
- hunger and malnutrition --> lack of energy from carbohydrates, proteins --> unable to lead productive, creative lives + participate in the life of their community and decisions affecting their life
33
Effect of iron deficiency in pregnancy
maternal death
impairs child's physical + cognitive development
34
effect of iodine deficiency in pregnancy
stillbirth
spontaneous abortion
35
effect of vitamin A deficiency in pregnancy
child's blindness, poor immunity, reduced growth
maternal + child death
36
example links between SDG 2 and SDG 3
SDG 2 to SDG 3:
access to nutritious food --> improved maternal + child health
--> reduced maternal mortality, infant mortality, U5MR
--> improved immune system --> reduced deaths from infectious diseases
SDG 3 to SDG 2:
- adults with good h+wb are able to work --> higher income to buy purchase nutritious food --> reduced hunger and malnutrition
37
SDG 4 (definition + targets)
quality education: ensure inclusive + equitable quality
education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
- free, equitable, quality primary and secondary education
- ensure all youth and adults have adequate literacy + numeracy skills
- increase number of qualified teachers
- eliminate inequalities in education (eg. people with disabilities, Indigenous)
38
example effects of SDG 4 on human development
- improves mean years of schooling (HD indicator)
- learning literacy + numeracy skills --> able to gain meaningful employment --> higher GNI (HD indicator)
- education for girls increases ability to participate in decisions affecting their life + expands choices and enhances capabilities
39
example links between SDG 4 and SDG 3
SDG 3 to SDG 4:
- good h+wb means that individuals are healthy to come to school --> ability to gain meaningful employment and income --> able to afford resources that promote health (eg. healthcare, food)
SDG 4 to SDG 3:
- educated workforce promotes economic growth --> more money for gov to invest in universal health coverage, essential medicines, social protection measures, sexual + reproductive services
40
SDG 5 (definition + targets)
gender equality: achieve gender equality + empower all women and girls
targets:
- end discrimination against all women and girls everywhere
- end violence against women and girls
- eliminate forced marriage + female genital mutilation
- ensure universal access to sexual + reproductive health
- promote participation + leadership in community and government
- value unpaid domestic work
41
example effects of SDG 5 on human development
- gender equality means girls can access education + gain meaningful employment
--> economic growth --> high GNI (HD indicator)
--> allows them to lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests
- provides opportunities to participate in the community + decisions affecting their life
42
SDG 6 (definition + targets)
clean water + sanitaiton; ensure availability and sustainable management of water + sanitation for all
- achieve universal + equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water
- enable access to adequate and equitable sanitation
- improve water quality by reducing pollution + eliminating dumping
43
example links between SDG 5 and SDG 3
SDG 5 to SDG 3:
- economic growth --> higher income --> access to resources that promote health
- access to education --> education about immunisation, safe sexual practices, nutrition education --> promotes h+wb
44
example effects of SDG 6 on human development
- women must travel long distances to get safe water --> reduced mean years of schooling (HD indicator)
- drinking unsafe water --> diarrhoeal, water-borne, neglected tropical diseases --> lower life expectancy (HD indicator)
45
example links between SDG 6 and SDG 3
SDG 6 to SDG 3:
- without clean water + sanitation, maternal and child mortality from communicable diseases and other diseases caused by soil + water pollution can't be reduced
- clean water + sanitation can increase economic growth --> increased gov ability to invest into universal health coverage --> can provide sexual and reproductiev health services + affordable medicines and vaccines
SDG 3 to SDG 6:
- good h+wb allows people to work more productively --> more taxes for gov to invest into water + sanitation
46
SDG 13 (definition + targets)
climate action: take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
- strengthen ability of countries to adapt to natural disasters
- promote ways of raising ability for effective climate change planning + management in LI countries, specifically vulnerable groups
- provide funds to support LI/MI countries to implement strategies to reduce climate change
47
example effects of SDG 13 on human development
- natural disasters can destroy infastructure like schools, hospitals --> reduced mean + expected years of schooling + less GNI (HD indicators)
48
example links between SDG 13 and SDG 3
SDG 13 to SDG 3:
- using clean energy can reduce air pollution --> reduced communicable diseases from pathogens in air + reduced respiratory non-communicable diseases
- reduced droughts and floods --> increased food availability
- floods can contaminate water sources --> diarrhoeal + water-borne diseases
- lower temperatures
--> can reduce strain on cardiovascular system
--> reduced mosquito population --> reduced malaria
49
WHO strategies/goals
promote -- 1 billion people enjoying better hwb
protect -- 1 billion people protected from health emergencies
provide -- 1 billion people benefiting from universal health coverage
50
6 main functions of the WHO
Provide leadership + create partnerships to promote hwb: WHO collaborates w other agencies to develop international policies to prevent + manage disease outbreaks and coordinate disaster relief (eg. partnership for covid vaccine)
Carry out research + provide hwb information: WHO research to inform hwb decisions, help achieve universal access to healthcare. WHO provides expertise in research + development to improve disease prevention, diagnosis, management, treatment (eg. info to prevent malaria spread)
Set norms/standards + promote and monitor their
implementation: WHO collaborates to standardise
research -->makes more effective/ efficient to share information, monitor impact of disease + evaluate the
effectiveness of programs (eg. WHO Essential Medicine List that provides guide for countries on the main
medicines that health system needs)
Develop policies to help countries take action to promote hwb: Policies help governments + global community implement action to bring hwb improvements -->WHO helps countries adapt policies to meet their local context (eg. Global Framework Convention on Tobacco
Control)
Provide technical support and help build sustainable health systems: WHO provides support to countries to implement changes in areas such as the provision of universal
healthcare, health financing and a trained workforce + help countries strengthen capacity for early warning, risk
reduction and management of hwb risks
Monitor hwb + assess trends: WHO developed Global Health
Observatory, which stores + shares health-related data -->
helps countries identify ill people --> resources can be targeted to where needed most (eg. monitoring spread of covid to provide support to most affected)
51
areas of achieving universal health coverage
- Service access + quality
- Health workforce
- Access to medicines, vaccines, health products
- Governance + finance
- Health information systems
- Advocacy
- Country support
52
areas of promoting healthier
populations
- Preventing non-communicable diseases + promoting mental health
- Eradicating high impact communicable diseases
- Tackling antimicrobial resistance
- Addressing health effects of climate change in small
island developing states
