C11: Apical

Question 1

Another name for simpsons biplane EF

What is it used to calculate?

Answer 1

Method of disks

Volumes are calculated from the tracing and then an EF is calculated

Question 2

How far are the disks place apart from another in the simp biplane EF?

Answer 2

5 mm

Question 3

How does the simps biplane EF calculate the EF

Answer 3

Avg. the tracings in the A 4CH and A2CH end-diastole and end-systole tracings to create the EF

Question 4

Do we reduce the depth in the 4 and 2 chamber views when tracing the LV for Simpson?

Answer 4

Yes

Question 5

How do you do an tracing of the LV for a simpsons biplane EF?

Answer 5

1. Trace around the LV endocardium from the MV annulus
2. Don’t include pap muscles
3. Make sure the vertical axis is from the centre of the Apex to the center of the MV annulus

Question 6

What structure can be used as a landmark for how to align the vertical axis in SBEF?

Answer 6

IVS

Question 7

What’s an acceptable difference in measurements between the LVLD in the 4 and 2 chamber views?

Answer 7

1 cm

Question 8

What are the normal and very abnormal values for FS?

What are the normal and very abnormal values for S-B EF?

Answer 8

Norm: 25-47%
Abnormal: <15%

Norm: M- 52-72%
F- 54-74%
Abnormal: <30%

Question 9

What pathologies can increase the size of the LA?

Answer 9

Systolic dysfunction
Diastolic dysfunction
Infiltrative muscle disease
Valvular heart disease
Obesity

Question 10

How do we calculate the biplane LA volume?

Answer 10

Measure volume of LA in A4CH and A2CH views… same WAY as for the LV biplane EF

Question 11

When do we trace the LA to get the biplane volume?

Answer 11

ONLY at ventricular end-systole when its the largest

Question 12

Which structures do we exclude from the LA tracing for the biplane EF?

Answer 12

Pulmonary veins

Question 13

What’s the norm value and severely abnormal value for PLAX LA AP diameter for M and W

Answer 13

M:
norm: 30-40mm
Abnormal: >52 mm

W:
Norm: 27-38mm
Abnormal: >/= 47mm

Question 14

What’s the norm value and severely abnormal value for LA volume index?

Answer 14

BOTH M&W:

Norm: = 34ml/m2
Abnormal: >/= 48ml/m2

Question 15

When do you measure the RVIDd?
Which portions do you measure and where in the RV?
What are the norm value?

Answer 15

End-diastole

RVIDd Base: chordae level

RVIDd mid: middle of ventricle

RVIDd base: <41mm
RVIDd mid: <35mm

Question 16

When would you measure the RVIDd mid?

Answer 16

Only if the ventricle is enlarged

Question 17

Norm value for RV length

Answer 17

86mm

Question 18

When in the cardiac cycle do you take the RA dimension measurement? and in what view?

Answer 18

End-systole

A4CH

Question 19

Norm value for the RA dimension

Answer 19

= 44mm

Question 20

Norm value for RA volume index

Answer 20

M: =32 ml/m2

W: = 27ml/m2

Question 21

If the IVS becomes thicker at the apex of the LV, what pathology can this indicate?

Answer 21

Laminar thrombus