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Echo 1 > C0- Into To Echo And Cardiac Anatomy > Flashcards

C0- Into To Echo And Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two systems of the heart?

A

Systemic (whole body)

Pulmonary (lungs)

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2
Q

Which systems do the right and left heart pump?

A

Left: systemic
Right: pulmonary

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3
Q

What are the four layers of vessels from inner to outer?

A

Endothelium
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

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4
Q

What happened when the tunica media get too thick?

A

the vessel gets stiff and doesn’t work as well

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5
Q

What is the location of the heart with reference to the R and L of the body?

A

2/3 to the left

1/3 to the right

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6
Q

What is the orientation of the apex?

A

It points inferior, anterior and left

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7
Q

What are the two sulci of the heart?

A

Interventricular sulcus

Atrioventricular sulcus

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8
Q

The IV-sulcus and the AV-sulcus align with which structures of the heart?

A

The interventricular septum and

Atrioventricular septum

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9
Q

What is the crux of the heart?

A

Where both the IVS and the AVS meet (seen in the apical four chamber view)

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10
Q

The AV sulcus contains which arteries?

A

Anterior:
Circumflex artery (CXM) (on the left)
Right coronary artery (on the right)

Posterior:
Coronary sinus

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11
Q

The IV-sulcus contains which arteries?

A

Anteriorly:
Left descending artery
Great cardiac vein

Posteriorly:
Posterior descending artery
Middle cardiac vein

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12
Q

Where are the pulmonary veins found?

A

The posterior side of the L atrium

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13
Q

Where is the superior mediastinum found?

A

Surrounding the great vessels

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14
Q

What are the main coronary arteries and their branches?

A

Left main coronary artery:

  • left anterior descending artery
  • circumflex artery (can give rise to PDA)

Right coronary artery:
Marginal Artery
-posterior descending artery (70-80% of the time)

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15
Q

Where does the L main coronary artery branch from?

A

The L coronary cusp of the AO

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16
Q

Where does the R coronary artery branch from?

A

R coronary cusp of the AO

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17
Q

When do the coronary arteries fill?

A

During diastole

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18
Q

Where is the coronary sinus located?

A

Posterior to the R atrium

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19
Q

Coronary sinuses branch into which veins?

A

Great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein

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20
Q

The middle cardiac vain follows which structure?

A

The IV septum

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21
Q

How thick should the LV walls be for M & W

A

M: 6-10 mm, <11mm
W: 6-9mm, <10mm

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22
Q

How much blood is ejected each time by the LV?

A

70 ml

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23
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium/visceral pericardium

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24
Q

Describe the endocardium layer

A

Inner most layer

Think layer between the blood and myocardium

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25
Q

Describe the myocardium (including thickness for the LV and RV)

A

Thick middle layer
Striated muscle
LV: 6–10mm
RV: 3-5mm

26
Q

Describe the epicardium/pericardium

A 
Outermost layer
Echogenic
Has two layers:
-fibrous pericardium
-serous pericardium
27
Q

Describe the fibrous pericardium. What is its function?

A

Outermost layer

Function:
Prevents over distension of the heart

28
Q

Describe the serous pericardium

A

Serous pericardium has two layers…
Parietal and visceral

There is 20-50ml of fluid between the two layers for lubrication

29
Q

How can you tell if excessive pericardial fluid is acute or chronic?

A

It depends on the rate of accumulation of the fluid

30
Q

Why is the RV crescent shaped?

A

Due to higher pressure in the LV

31
Q

What is the moderator band and where is it found?

A

It’s the anterior papillary muscle that connect the side pap muscles
Found in the right ventricle ONLY

32
Q

What is the infundibulum of the heart and where is it found?

A

It’s a ridge of smooth muscle

Found between the RVOT and the LVOT

33
Q

How are the 4 pulmonary veins further subdivided?

A

Into 2 upper and 2 lower

RUPV, RLPV, LUPV, LLPV

34
Q

In the LA, where is a common site of thrombus?

A

LA appendage

35
Q

where does the R coronary cusp of AO valve face?

A

faces towards the RV

origin of the RCA

36
Q

where does the L coronary cusp of AO valve face?

A

The pulmonary artery

origin of L main CA

37
Q

where does the noncoronary cusp of AO valve face?

A

the IAS

38
Q

do the cusps of the AO valve overlap? what is this zone called?

A

Yes

coaptation zone

39
Q

what are the leaflets of the MV? what are the pap-mules in the LV called?

A

leaflets: anterior and posteior
pap: anterolateral and posteromedial

40
Q

what does stretching of the annulus cause?

A

regurgitation

41
Q

What are the scallops of the MV leaflets and how are they labeled?

A

Numbered from lateral to medial
The AMVL have no true divisions but the PMVL do, use the same landmarks to divide

anterior MV leaflet: A1, A2, A3
posterior MV leaflet: P1, P2, P3

42
Q

3 cusps of TV?

A

anterior
posterior
septal

43
Q

what are the most common types of abnormalities with the PV?

A

tend to be congenial rather than acquired

44
Q

3 cusps of PV?

A

anterior
left
right

45
Q

what are the 2 major parts of the IVS?

A

membranous septum: thin and most common site for ventricular septal defect

muscular septum: thicker, less common site of VSD

46
Q

which ventricle does the muscular septum mostly belong to?

A

the LV

47
Q

what are the 3 segments of the IAS numbered in order of formation?

A
  1. septum primum (bottom section)
  2. septum secundum (top section)
  3. foramen ovale (with covering flap)
48
Q

another word for pericardium?

A

epicardium

49
Q

What does the middle mediastinum contain

A

The pericardium and the heart

50
Q

What is the eustachian valve?

A

Directs fetal flow from RA to LV

51
Q

How many pap muscles does the TV have?

A

3

52
Q

In what % of people does the posterior descending A come from the RCA? What does this indicate and what other artery can is arise from

A

70-80%

Indicated R dominant heart, can arise from circumflex

53
Q

From which vessel do the main branches of the coronary arteries originate?

A

From the AO

54
Q

Which part of the IVS closes last?

A

Membranous

55
Q

The heart is spurring by which sac?

A

Pericardial sac

56
Q

Which cardiac vein follows the RCA?

A

Small cardiac vein

57
Q

What are the blood volume sin the LV at end diastole and end systole?

A

End diastole: 100ml

End systole: 30ml

58
Q

What’s another term for the visceral layer of the serous pericardial?

A

Epicardium

59
Q

Where is the RAtrial appendage located?

A

Superior in the R atrium

60
Q

Where do the coronary sinus drain into the RA?

A

Inferiorly near the entrance of the IVC

61
Q

How does the LV muscle appear?

A

Trabeculated

Echo 1 (17 decks)

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