C10 Flashcards
Alkene reaction with halogens
Alkene + Bromine —-> Halogenoalkane
What happens during incomplete combustion of alkenes?
This produces water, carbon monoxide and carbon (soot). This causes a smoky flame.
What is the functional group of carboxylic acid?
-COOH
What is a carboxylic acid?
The carboxylic acids are a homologous series of organic compounds . Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl functional group (-COOH). Carboxylic acids end in ‘-oic acid’.
What are esters?
Esters are formed by the condensation reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. .The functional group (-COO) is known as the ester link. The main use of esters is for flavourings and perfumes, however they can also be used in the chemicals industry as solvents.
Example of esters
ethyl propanoate, propyl methanoate, propyl ethanoate, and methyl butanoate
Example of carboxylic acid
Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid and propanoic acid
Alcohol + Oxygen —->
Alcohol + Oxygen —-> Carbon Dioxide + Water
Sodium + Alcohol —->
Sodium + Alcohol —-> Sodium Alkoxide + Hydrogen
Sodium + Ethanol —> Sodium Ethoxide + Hydrogen
Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol —->
Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol —-> Ester
What is esterification?
Esters are produced when carboxylic acids are heated with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst. The catalyst is usually concentrated sulphuric acid.
What is seen when ethene is bubbled through bromine water?
Alkenes react with orange-brown bromine water and turn it colourless.
What is the word equation for fermentation to produce ethanol?
Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide
Which carboxylic acid is produced when butanol is oxidised?
Butanoic acid
What is more reactive (alkanes or alkenes)?
Alkenes, this is because they have the carbon-carbon double bond
What happens during an alkene addition reaction?
A carbon-carbon double bond is opened up
What is the name of the process of adding hydrogen atoms across a carbon-carbon double bond?
Hydrogenation
What must be reacted together to give dibromopropane?
Propine and bromine water
State the three stages of fractional distillation.
Evaporation, collection and condensation
What explains why heavy fractions of crude oil do not make good fuels?
- They do not igmite easily
- they have low voltality
- high boiling points
Cracking heavy hydrocarbons is an example of what sort of reaction?
Thermal decomposition
What gas is produced when alcohols and sodium are reacted together?
Hydrogen
What are the products of fermentation?
Solution of ethanol and carbon dioxide
What is produced when carboxylic acids react with carbonates?
Carbon dioxide, a salt and water
State characteristics of carboxylic acids
- react metals to form salt and hydrogen
- react with bases to form salt and water
Formula of ethyl ethanoate
C4H8O2
To make an ester what is required?
- Alcohol
- Acid catalyst
- Carboxylic acid
What is the functional group of esters?
-COO-
“oate” refers to what function group name?
ESTER
What is a homologous series?
Chemicals within the same functional group
What is the pH of an alcohol?
7
What piece of apparatus apart from a gas syringe can be used to find the rate of production of a gas?
Upside-down measuring cylinder
Functional group of alcohol
-OH
Ideal conditions for fermentaion
- absence of oxygen
- 37 C
- slightly acidic
Why is ethene the first alkene?
In short, Alkenes start with Ethene, because there can be no double bond or triple bond present in a compund with single carbon atom.
Alkene + Hydrogen
Alkene + Hydrogen —-> Alkane
Formula for alcohols
CnH2n+1OH
Alkene reaction with water (steam)
Alkene + Water (steam) —–> Alcohol
