C1: Youth Cultures Flashcards
Key terms for this topic area
Youth
The period between childhood and adulthood
Adolescence
A term first used by Stanley Hall in 1904 to describe the period of physical and psychological development from the onset of puberty to maturity
Chronological age
Age in years
‘Storm and stress’
A phrase associated with the idea that adolescence is often regarded as a turbulent life phase where puberty causes angst and aggression. This view was challenged by Mead’s research on adolescent girls in Western Samoa
Social construction of youth
The idea that youth is affected by social and cultural factors and will therefore be experienced in different ways depending on the society you grow up in
Liminal
A term used to describe the transitional nature of youth where people are ‘in-betweeners’ i.e. neither children or adults
Traditional societies
Non-modern (pre-industrial) societies
Western societies
Europe, The Americas, Australia and New Zealand
Industrialisation
The process whereby a society moves from a predominantly agricultural base to one where the economy is dominated by manufacturing (based on mechanised mass production)
Child labour
Refers to the employment of children. As children were quickly absorbed into the adult world of work in the 19th C this meant the idea of youth as a separate social category didn’t exist at this time
Legislation
This term refers to laws. The legal prohibition of child labour created more leisure opportunities for the young and the space for a youth culture to develop
Teenager
A term used after WW2 to describe youth in the USA
Tweenager
A relatively new term used to describe children of about 7-12. This term implies that ‘youth’ is beginning earlier than the teenage years with children focusing on pop culture and adult celebrities at a younger age than before
‘Disappearance of childhood’
Postman uses this phrase when blaming the media for exposing children to the adult world too young and sexualising them. The term ‘tweenager’ is connected to this argument
Mainstream culture
The way of life that most people follow or that is considered ‘normal’. A key debate within the Sociology of Youth Culture is the extent to which youth cultures are different from this ‘normal culture’
Youth culture
A term used to describe the beliefs, behaviours, styles, and interests of young people. An emphasis on clothes, popular music, sports, slang, and dating set adolescents apart from other age groups, giving them what many believe is a distinct culture of their own
Youth subcultures
Distinctive groups of youths, within the wider youth culture, who stand out in terms of their style, dress, music taste and attitudes
Spectacular youth subcultures
This is a term that has been used to describe some of the most highly visible subcultures of the 1950s-80s e.g. Teddy Boys, punks, skinheads. They had flamboyant and recognisable styles and often had confrontational attitudes
Argot
Slang and patterns of speech only understood by the members of that culture
Post war affluence
This refers to young people becoming richer and having more money to spend after WW2. Big business realized the opportunity to market new products specifically aimed at young people, such as records, clothes, cosmetics, magazines and entertainment
Demographic bulge
This refers to people born during the post–World War II baby boom
Generation
All of the people born and living at about the same time, regarded collectively
Generation gap
When the norms and attitudes of the young are diverging from those of their parents’ generation
Counter-cultures
Groups which are actively opposed to some of the aspects of the mainstream culture. E.g., subcultures that present proposals as to how society ought to be organised that contrast with existing social arrangements. (e.g. hippies)
Teddy Boys
A working class subculture typified by young men wearing clothes that were partly inspired by the styles worn by dandies in the Edwardian period
Mods
Significant elements of this subculture include fashion (often tailor-made suits); music (including soul, ska, and R&B and originally modern jazz); and motor scooters (usually Lambretta or Vespa)
Hippies
A counterculture that started in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid-1960s. They created their own communities, listened to psychedelic music, embraced the sexual revolution, and used drugs to explore altered states of consciousness
Skinheads
A subculture that originated among working class youths in London, England, in the 1960s. Named for their close-cropped or shaven heads.
Punks
A subculture that emerged during the mid to the late 70s, associated with bands such as the Sex Pistols and The Clash. Common values include anti-authoritarianism, a DIY ethic and non-conformity
Goths
Styles of dress within this subculture are associated with dark attire (often black), pale face makeup and black hair. The scene continues to draw interest from a large audience decades after its emergence.
Functionalist view of youth cultures
Sees youth as an important transitional stage during a potentially stressful time where an individual must learn to leave the security of the family. As they seek independence youth culture becomes important providing a shared set of norms & values with peers & a sense of belonging
Transition
The process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another
Rite of passage
A ceremony or event marking an important stage in someone’s life, especially birth, the transition from childhood to adulthood, marriage, and death
Ethnocentrism
A view of the world in which other cultures are seen through the eyes of one’s own culture with a devaluing of the others
‘The death of childhood’
The beginning of a traditional rites of passage ceremony where young people are separated from their family
‘Rebirth into adulthood’
The end of a traditional rites of passage ceremony where young people are given a new status as adults in their community
Social integration
Where people feel a sense of belonging to a group such as a youth culture
Peer group
A group of people of approximately the same age, status, and interests
A state of limbo
An in-between, liminal stage
Ascribed status
The social status a person is assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life. It is a position that is neither earned nor chosen but assigned.
Achieved status
Denoting a social position that a person can acquire on the basis of merit; it is a position that is earned or chosen. It reflects personal skills, abilities, and efforts
Agents of socialisation
These are the people, groups or institutions responsible for our socialization e.g. the peer group
Function
The job (or role) that a group, institution or activity does for wider society, and in particular its contribution to the maintenance and continuation of social arrangements
Liquid modernity
The term that Bauman uses for contemporary society - where there are fewer certainties and nothing can be taken for granted. Young people may find the transition into adulthood increasingly difficult, drawn out and non-linear under these conditions
Boomerang children
Adult children returning to their parents’ home after a period away living independently
Contemporary society
Refers to society in existence at the present time
Marxist view of youth cultures
This theory have focused on how post war working class youth subcultures (e.g. Teddy Boys, Skinheads, Punks) can be interpreted as a form of cultural resistance against capitalism & the class system
Cultural resistance
Refusing to conform to the dominant norms and values of society
Swing kids
A group of jazz and swing lovers in Germany in the 1930s. They admired the British and American way of life, defining themselves in swing music and opposing the Nazi ideology, especially the Hitler Youth
The Russian Hipsters
In Russia during WW2 a group of young people who dressed in bright colours and listened to forbidden rock and roll music to resist the conformity of communism
Capitalism
An economic system associated with modern societies, based on private ownership of businesses. Marxists argue that it is an exploitative system
Ideological state apparatus
Refers to agencies, such as education and the media, which spread the ideology of the ruling class and justify their dominance
Hegemony
A situation in which the ideas of the ruling class are presented in such a way that they are accepted by other classes as ‘common sense’
Class divisions
Term describing how society is divided into groups based on economic inequalities
Working class
Usually seen as the lowest class in capitalist societies & traditionally seen as being made up of those who earn wages through manual labour
CCCS
Stands for the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies. A group of sociologists at Birmingham University who used Marxism and semiotics to study spectacular working class youth sub-cultures
Semiotic analysis of youth cultures
Involves decoding (interpreting) sub-cultural elements, for example dress or hairstyle, in order to understand their underlying meaning
‘Magical’ solutions
Brake’s argument that although youth subcultures appear to offer a solution to the plight of working class youth – in fact this is merely an illusion (as most magic tricks are)
Resistance through rituals
A symbolic protest against social injustice in the form of styles that are different from, and opposed to those of the majority. E.g. the aggressively masculine behaviour of skinheads was interpreted as a defence of traditional working class male lifestyles
Marginalisation of the working class
Making working class people feel isolated and unimportant. The Skinhead subculture was interpreted by Cohen as a way for working class youth to culturally resist this by adopting an overtly working class style
Bricolage
Taking different objects from society and giving them new meanings and creating a new culture around these meanings (e.g. punks turning safety pins and bin liners into jewelry and clothing)
DIY ethic
The ‘Do it Yourself’ ethos of the punk subculture. An anti-consumerist approach where punks created their own independent record labels, made their own clothes and created their own fanzines
DIY media
Amateur and usually small-scale forms of media. E.g. fanzines
Fanzine
A magazine, usually produced by amateurs, for fans of a particular performer, group, or form of entertainment
Anti-consumerism
Being opposed to the continual buying and consuming of material possessions
Body art
Things like piercings and tattoos
Homology
A term used by Hebdige to describe the cultural beliefs, practices and forms that bind members of a youth culture together as a group
Incorporation
Where an initially shocking or edgy style becomes commercialised, watered down and sold back to young people as part of mainstream consumer culture
Ordinary youth (conventional youth)
The majority of youth who enjoy many of the pursuits of youth culture but do not fit into any particular subculture
Youth cultural style
The fashion, music and slang associated with a youth culture
Alienated youth
Young people who have withdrawn or are separated from the values of their society or family
Ethnicity
A social group that shares a common and distinctive culture, religion, language, or the like
Ethnic minority
A group within a society which has different national or cultural traditions from the main population
Ethnic identity
One where individuals assert their identity in terms of the ethnic group and culture to which they belong
Colonialism
The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically
Afro-Caribbean
A person of African descent living in or coming from the Caribbean (e.g. Jamaica)
Empire Windrush
A passenger liner and cruise ship best remembered today for bringing one of the first large groups of post-war Afro-Caribbean immigrants to the United Kingdom in 1948
Immigration
The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country
Racism
Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different ‘race’ based on the belief that one’s own ‘race’ is superior
Ska
A music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s and was the precursor to reggae
Reggae
A music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. It is slower than ska and gained international recognition with the commercial success of Bob Marley
Roots reggae
A subgenre of reggae that deals with lyrical themes including spirituality and religion (Rastafari) poverty, black pride, social issues, resistance to government and racial oppression, and repatriation to Africa.
Rastafari
A religious cult, originally of Jamaica, that regards Africa as the Promised Land, to which all true believers will someday return, and the late Haile Selassie I, former emperor of Ethiopia, as the messiah
Dreadlocks
A Rastafarian hairstyle in which the hair is washed but not combed and twisted while wet into tight braids or ringlets hanging down on all sides
Rasta style
A black youth cultural style that evolved in part to resist racism in the 1970s. The style revolved around dreadlocks, Ethiopian colours (red, green and gold) and reggae music
Black pride
A movement encouraging people to take pride in being black
Afrocentric
Regarding African or black culture as pre-eminent
Babylon
A pejorative term used within rasta culture to describe the white western culture of consumerism and materialism