Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A Level Sociology (knowledge) > C1: The Building Blocks/Theory > Flashcards

C1: The Building Blocks/Theory Flashcards

Key terms for this topic area

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Society

A

A group of people who occupy a particular territory and who share a culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sociological imagination

A

“The vivid awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider society.” (C. Wright Mills)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sociology

A

The study of how society is organized and how we experience life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Medicalisation

A

The process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined and treated as medical conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Social forces

A

Anything humans create that influences or pressures individuals to interact, behave, respond or think in certain ways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

The tendency to favour personal explanations for an individual’s behaviour over social explanations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Social institutions

A

The various organised social arrangements which are found in societies. For example: family types, the education system, religion, media, the political system, economy and so on (also known as ‘social structure’)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The ‘Structure’ and ‘Agency’ debate

A

The debate about whether individuals have ‘free will’ (agency) or are shaped and determined by social forces (structure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sociological concepts

A

The ideas sociologists use to make sense of society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Culture

A

The shared way of life of a group of people. It is a set of learned behaviours and beliefs that characterize a society or social group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Material culture

A

Physical objects that have cultural meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Non-material culture

A

Refers to the norms and values of a culture - i.e. beliefs, values and behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Norms

A

Rules or informal guidelines about what is considered correct or incorrect social behaviour in a particular group or society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Values

A

General beliefs about what is right and wrong, and about the important standards which are worth maintaining and achieving in society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mores

A

Norms that are more widely observed and have greater moral significance than others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The belief that your culture is superior than another or that your culture is the “right” way to live.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cultural relativism

A

The opposite of ethnocentrism: means that we respect other cultures and treat them as “as good as one’s own”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cultural diversity

A

The existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Subculture

A

A distinctive culture that exists within the larger societal culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Collectivist cultures

A

These are cultures which tend to emphasise belonging to the group as more important than personal freedom (e.g. Japan & China)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Individualistic cultures

A

These are cultures which tend to emphasise individual freedom and personal gain, sometimes at the expense of others (e.g. USA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Social change

A

Refers to an alteration in the way in which society is ordered. This may lead to the development of new norms and values.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Custom

A

A traditional and widely accepted social norm that is specific to a particular society, place, or time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Role

A

Behavioural expectations based on the social positions an individual holds in society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Traditions

A

Long-established beliefs and customs that have been passed from one generation to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Socialisation

A

The process by which individuals learn and internalise their culture’s norms and values (Talcott Parsons). Also known as ‘cultural transmission’.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Primary socialisation

A

The first stage in the process of learning and internalising the culture of society. This usually involves the child learning from the immediate family in the home.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Secondary socialisation

A

This is the second stage of the socialisation process. It occurs after the period of early childhood and continues throughout adult life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Agents of socialisation

A

Any social group or institution that passes on cultural norms and values to others e.g. The Family, Media, School etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Focal agency

A

The agency of socialisation which, at various points in our lives is the most dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Formal socialisation

A

Is learning skills, norms and values with planned and organised experiences such as in school, work or the military

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Informal socialisation

A

Learning skills, norms and values without a formal procedure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Habitus

A

The cultural framework and set of ideas possessed by each social class, into which people are socialised and which influences their tastes in music, newspapers, films etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Imitation

A

Copying behaviour (e.g. children learn social skills by watching and copying their parents)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Role models

A

People who are admired and imitated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The hidden curriculum

A

The set of beliefs and assumptions that are taught unintentionally by schools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Canalisation

A

Term used by Ann Oakley to describe the way in which parents direct boys and girls towards rehearsing their adult gender roles through play involving different sorts of toys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Verbal appellations

A

The use of language to label children in a way that reinforces traditional gender identification (e.g. ‘pet names’ applied to children according to gender)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Nature theories

A

The view that human behaviour is prompted by biology rather than society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Nurture theories

A

The view that society and culture are more important in shaping human behaviour than human genetics and instincts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Feral children

A

A ‘wild’ child. Someone who has not been socialised into the culture of their society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Gender roles

A

A set of societal norms dictating what types of behaviours are generally considered acceptable, appropriate or desirable for a person based on their sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Social control

A

The processes by which society ensures that people conform to its culture, and the mechanisms by which it deals with deviance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Formal social control

A

Official means of dealing with deviance – usually focused on legal rules. This involves the criminal justice system (the police, courts prison etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Informal social control

A

Unofficial means of dealing with deviance – usually dealing with “unwritten” rules. This involves various agencies of socialisation (e.g. families, schools, the media etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Conformity

A

Behaving or thinking as others do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Deviance

A

A failure to conform to social norms and values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Sanctions

A

Reactions to behaviour designed to either reinforce the behaviour or stop it from happening again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Positive sanctions

A

Sanctions that reinforce good behaviour through things like praise and rewards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Negative sanctions

A

Sanctions that involve a punishment of some kind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

The panopticon

A

A term used by Foucault to describe the way in which social control is increasingly based on surveillance (e.g. the use of CCTV cameras)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Social order

A

Refers to a stable state of society in which the existing society is accepted and maintained by its members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

State of nature

A

A concept in political philosophy to denote the hypothetical conditions of what the lives of people might have been like before stable and orderly societies came into existence. Hobbes believed that without social order there would be constant conflict

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Peer groups

A

Those people who are of a similar social status (e.g. the same age group or job)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Status

A

Refers to the social positions individuals hold and the amount of prestige or importance a person has in the eyes of other members of society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Social hierarchy

A

Refers to the ranking of people within a social group and therefore certain individuals having a higher status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Ascribed status

A

The social status a person is assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life. It is a position that is neither earned nor chosen but assigned.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Achieved status

A

Denoting a social position that a person can acquire on the basis of merit; it is a position that is earned or chosen. It reflects personal skills, abilities, and efforts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Meritocracy

A

A society where people’s social positions are based on achieved status. People advance in society on the basis of hard work and effort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Status set

A

Refers to the multiple social positions an individual holds in life (e.g. Mother, Sister, Teacher, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Master status

A

When a single status is seen by the rest of the society to be more important than the rest of your statuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Status anxiety

A

Worrying about our standing in the world, whether we’re going up or down, whether we’re winners or losers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Consumerism

A

The pressure that society puts on individuals to purchase goods and service for money in ever increasing amounts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Status frustration

A

A term used by Albert Cohen to describe the anger and frustration that people might experience as a result of their inability to gain high statuses. This can manifest itself in delinquency and deviant subcultural activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Deviant (delinquent) subcultures

A

Groups that take their norms from the larger culture but turn them upside down (i.e. bad behaviour becomes good in the eyes of the group)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Power

A

The capacity to get your own way in society.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Counter power

A

Term used to describe attempts to socially resist powerful groups. (Manuel Castells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Coercion

A

Power arising from force or the threat of force. (Weber)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Authority

A

Legitimate power based on consent, where people voluntarily submit to the will of others. (Weber)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Legitimacy

A

Where power becomes authority. People see existing power structures as right and acceptable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Charismatic authority

A

Authority derived from the power of the personality and persuasiveness of leaders. (Weber)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Traditional authority

A

Authority derived from a belief in long-standing customs. (Weber)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Legal rational authority

A

Authority based on laws, rules and regulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Decision making

A

The power to make, influence and implement decisions which affect other people.(Lukes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Agenda management

A

The power to set agendas and therefore limit what’s being discussed. Also called ‘non-decision making’ (Lukes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Wish manipulation

A

The power to shape people’s minds i.e. ‘ideological power’ (Lukes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Social inequality

A

Refers to the uneven distribution of resources such as money and power and how opportunities related to education, employment and health are also skewed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Life chances

A

The opportunities to acquire material, social and cultural rewards e.g. education, jobs, income, wealth, standard of living etc., that members of society can expect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Social differentiation

A

The distinction made between social groups and persons on the basis of biological, physiological, and social factors, as gender, age, social class or ethnicity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Income

A

Refers to an amount of money earned in a certain period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Wealth

A

Refers to the value of money and other assets owned (e.g. land, property, stocks and shares)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Stratification

A

Refers to the division of society into a pattern of layers made up of a hierarchy of unequal groups based on factors such as social class, gender and ethnicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Social class

A

A group of people in society who share a similar economic position in terms of things like occupation, income and wealth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Gender

A

A term used by sociologists to describe the cultural and social attributes of males and females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Ethnicity

A

A socially defined category of people who identify with each other based on common ancestral, social, cultural or national experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Social mobility

A

Movement up and down the stratification system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Closed stratification system

A

A form of stratification where social mobility is not usually possible (i.e. one based on ascribed status)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Open stratification system

A

A more meritocratic form of stratification where social mobility is possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Caste system

A

The hereditary stratification system of India. It is associated with the Hindu religion that ranks individuals at birth in a hierarchical fashion according to their religious purity

90
Q

Endogamy

A

The practice of marrying within a specific ethnic group, class, or social group, rejecting others on such a basis as being unsuitable for marriage or for other close personal relationships

91
Q

Absolute poverty

A

A state in which people lack the minimum resources required for health and working efficiency, such as food, water, clothing and shelter

92
Q

Relative poverty

A

Lacking the resources to enjoy the living standards that the mass of society take for granted

93
Q

Identity

A

Refers to an image we have of ourselves – literally ‘who we think we are’

94
Q

Social identities

A

Aspects of our identity that we have in common with lots of other people

95
Q

Personal identities

A

Aspects of our identity that separate us and mark us out from others

96
Q

Consumer identities

A

Aspects of our identities that come from the things that we buy and the images and status associated with them

97
Q

Gender identity

A

Refers to how people see themselves, and how others see them, in terms of their gender roles and biological sex

98
Q

Class identity

A

Refers to how people see themselves, and how others see them, in terms of their social class background

99
Q

Age identity

A

Refers to how people see themselves, and how others see them, in terms of their age and generation

100
Q

Ethnic identity

A

One where individuals assert their identity in terms of the ethnic group and culture to which they belong

101
Q

Nation

A

A particular geographical area with which a group of people identify, and share among themselves a sense of belonging based on a common sense of culture, history and usually language

102
Q

Nation state

A

A nation which has its own independent government controlling a geographical area

103
Q

Nationality

A

Having citizenship of a nation-state, including things like voting rights, a passport, and the right of residence

104
Q

Nationalism

A

Involves a sense of pride and commitment to a nation, and a very strong sense of national identity

105
Q

Extreme nationalism

A

Versions of nationalism that exclude certain groups, defining the national community in ethnic, linguistic, cultural, historic, or religious terms (or a combination of these)

106
Q

Looking glass self

A

Cooley’s idea that we see ourselves as we think others see us

107
Q

Self fulfilling prophecy

A

A prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true. E.g. when a teacher labels a student as ‘clever’.

108
Q

Sociological theory

A

Overarching ideas about why the social world behaves in certain ways

109
Q

Macro sociology

A

The study of large-scale social phenomena - whole societies, historical change etc.

110
Q

Micro sociology

A

The study of small-scale phenomena such as school classrooms, small work groups and interaction within families

111
Q

Structural theories

A

Theories which emphasise the ways in which society shapes and moulds the behaviour of individuals within it (people are the ‘puppets’ of social forces)

112
Q

Agency theories

A

Theories which emphasise the ways in which individuals actively create society out of their everyday interactions (also known as ‘social action’ theories)

113
Q

Consensus theories

A

Theories which argue that the current social system benefits all members of society – and that continued social order is in our best interests

114
Q

Conflict theories

A

Theories which argue that society is structured in a way that benefits certain social groups at the expense of others

115
Q

Functionalism

A

This theory contends that the main task of sociology is to identify the functions that any group, institution or practice performs for society as a whole

116
Q

Social structure

A

Particular features of society that constrain people from doing things or force them into doing other things (e.g. roles, norms, legal frameworks etc.)

117
Q

Value consensus

A

A functionalist idea which suggests that the role of agencies of socialisation is to transmit shared norms and values which is the basis of social order

118
Q

Organic analogy

A

The idea that society can be compared to a living organism. Society is seen as a functioning entity with an existence of its own, but composed of many parts which contribute to the well-being of the whole

119
Q

Role allocation

A

The functionalist idea that one of the main functions of the education system is to sift and sort individuals into their future occupational roles based on merit

120
Q

Function

A

The job (or role) that a group, institution or activity does for wider society, and in particular its contribution to the maintenance and continuation of social arrangements

121
Q

Functional prerequisites

A

These are the basic needs that society must have fulfilled if it is to continue to exist

122
Q

Adaptation

A

One of Parson’s functional prerequisites. It refers to how societies (particularly their economic systems) adapt to their physical environment.

123
Q

Goal attainment

A

One of Parson’s functional prerequisites, this relates to the achieving of the society’s aims, and in practical terms refers to political institutions such as the Government and Parliament

124
Q

Integration

A

One of Parson’s functional prerequisites, it relates to the ways in which society needs to bind its members together as a unified whole thereby promoting social solidarity

125
Q

Latency

A

Also known as pattern maintenance, it is one of Parson’s functional prerequisites and relates to the ways societies seek to ensure commitment to the values of the society and to control those who might challenge those values

126
Q

Social solidarity

A

The unification of diverse groups so that they feel a common sense of mutual interests, community, social integration and a strong sense of belonging to society

127
Q

Equilibrium

A

A state of balance between the different parts of the society. The Functionalist idea is that when there is a change in the social environment which alters the balance there is an automatic process which seeks to restore the lost balance

128
Q

Evolutionary theories

A

Explanations in sociology which were heavily influenced by the theory of evolution put forward by the biologist Charles Darwin

129
Q

Manifest function

A

The intended function of a social institution, such as the transmission of knowledge in education

130
Q

Latent function

A

An unintended function or consequence of a social institution as opposed to one that was intended

131
Q

Social system

A

A term used to describe a whole society or an important part of society such as the economic system, political system, education system etc.

132
Q

Marxism

A

A theory which argues that there is a conflict of interest in capitalist societies between those who own the means of producing wealth and those who only have their labour power to sell

133
Q

Economy

A

The way in which societies make money and use goods and labour

134
Q

Capitalism

A

An economy where most of the production of goods and services is initiated & undertaken by private companies who aim to generate profit from this activity. Most work is performed by individuals who work for someone else in return for money

135
Q

Materialist theories

A

Theories such as Marxism which argue that economic factors, such as technology and the organisation of work, shape the rest of society

136
Q

Mode of production

A

The Marxist term for a type of economy (economic structure) or way of producing goods and wealth. Marxists argue that every economic system, with the exception of communism, is based upon one dominant class exploiting the labour of a subordinate one

137
Q

Means of production

A

The key resources (such as land, factories, raw materials, and machinery) needed to produce society’s goods and services

138
Q

Relations of production

A

The relationships between those involved in production, such as shared ownership or private ownership, who controls production, and the relationship between owners and workers, e.g. whether people are forced to work, like slaves, or paid for their work

139
Q

Economic base

A

The Marxist idea that the economy is the foundation on which any society is based upon. This is also known as the ‘infrastructure’ and Marxists argue that this shapes and influences over institutions and social processes

140
Q

Superstructure

A

A Marxist term for society’s social institutions, such as the family, education, the mass media, religion and the political system, and beliefs and values (ideology), which Marx saw as primarily determined (or influenced) by the economic base

141
Q

Labour power

A

Refers to people’s capacity to work. In capitalist societies people sell this capacity to employers in return for a wage

142
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

The Marxist term for the ruling class who own the means of production in capitalist societies. Also known as ‘capitalists’ or the ‘ruling class’

143
Q

Proletariat

A

The Marxist term for the social class of workers who have to sell their labour power as they do not own the means of production

144
Q

Exploitation

A

The appropriation of the skills and labour of less powerful groups without rewarding them

145
Q

The labour theory of value

A

The idea that the value of any commodity is ultimately derived from the labour used to create it. Marxists argue that within capitalism workers are paid a small fraction of what their labour power is really worth

146
Q

Commodity

A

Anything that is bought and sold for money

147
Q

Surplus value

A

The difference between the value produced by a person’s labour and what the worker is paid by the employer. The difference is appropriated as profit by the capitalist employer

148
Q

Repressive state apparatus

A

A term used by Althusser to describe those parts of the state which are concerned with mainly coercive means of keeping a population in line, such as the army, police, courts and prison

149
Q

Ideological state apparatuses

A

A term used by Althusser to describe the agencies that spread the dominant ideology and justify the power of the dominant social class

150
Q

Ideological power

A

The ability to shape people’s minds in terms that favour the interests of the power holders

151
Q

‘Opium of the people’

A

A phrase Marx used in relation to the ideological role of religion in society. According to this analogy religion is like a drug which creates illusions and soothes the pain of exploitation

152
Q

False consciousness

A

A lack of awareness among people about what their real interests are, and the false belief that everyone benefits from a capitalist society which is presented as fair and just

153
Q

Class consciousness

A

An awareness among members of a social class of their real interests

154
Q

Revolution

A

A forcible overthrow of a government or social order, in favour of a new system. Marxists believe in the overthrow of capitalism and replacing it with communism

155
Q

Communism

A

An equal society in which the means of production are owned by all the people. However these ideals have been very difficult to put into practice and societies purporting to follow these ideas have often been extremely repressive

156
Q

Polarisation

A

A Marxist concept that describes the process of the capitalist class getting richer and the proletariat getting poorer

157
Q

Alienation

A

A feeling of disconnection between what you do all day as a worker and who you feel you really are and what you feel you would be ideally able to contribute to society

158
Q

Feminism

A

A body of theory and a social movement dedicated to ending the oppression of women and their subordination to men

159
Q

Patriarchy

A

Originally meant rule by a father, but in present-day sociology the term is used more broadly to mean rule of women by men

160
Q

Sexism

A

Treating people differently depending on their biological sex

161
Q

Malestream sociology

A

The feminist idea that within sociology the mainstream way of looking at social issues has focused on men to the exclusion of women

162
Q

Raunch culture

A

A term used by Andrea Levy to describe the increasingly sexualised culture that objectifies women (e.g. Music videos)

163
Q

Sex

A

Refers to the biological differences between males and females

164
Q

Gender

A

Refers to masculine and feminine characteristics that are cultural and acquired through socialisation

165
Q

Femininity

A

Characteristics that are associated with women, which are likely to include dress, speech, types of jobs and family roles

166
Q

Masculinity

A

Characteristics that are associated with men, which are likely to include dress, speech, types of jobs and family roles

167
Q

Essentialism

A

This is the belief that feminine and masculine characteristics express men’s and women’s biological natures

168
Q

Social construction of gender roles

A

The idea that differences between men and women cannot be reduced to differences in biology and are instead created by society (the opposite of essentialism). Gender roles therefore vary according to both time and place

169
Q

First wave feminism

A

A feminist movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries whose principal aims were political and legal equality for women

170
Q

Second wave feminism

A

A feminist movement which dates from the 1960s and has been concerned to achieve equality in education, employment, family life, and to claim for women control over their own bodies and fertility

171
Q

Liberal feminism

A

The mainstream, reformist version of feminism which argues for the creation of equal opportunities for women guaranteed by the law (e.g. equal pay). It believes that women should be able to compete with men equally in all spheres of life

172
Q

Marxist feminism

A

A feminist perspective which sees gender inequalities as a product of capitalism

173
Q

Domestic labour

A

Refers to all work concerned with maintaining the household (e.g. housework, childcare and emotional labour)

174
Q

Domestic labour theory

A

The Marxist feminist idea that the domestic labour of women maintains the health and efficiency of the workforce and reproduces the future work force at no extra cost to the capitalist class

175
Q

Reserve army of labour

A

A Marxist feminist idea which suggests that women are only brought into the labour force in times of economic boom, when demand for workers rises, and are the first group to be discarded when the economy stops growing

176
Q

Radical feminism

A

A revolutionary form of feminism which blames the exploitation of women on men and patriarchy. It highlights how men dominate women by violence and the threat of violence, such as rape, domestic abuse & pornography

177
Q

UK Feminista

A

A relatively recent group which supports people to campaign for a world where women and men are equal

178
Q

‘The personal is political’

A

A feminist slogan which refers to the need for feminists to challenge traditional family values

179
Q

Gendercide

A

Refers to the ‘missing women’ phenomenon. There are perhaps 200 million ‘missing women’ in the global population, some not born, some dying of cumulative neglect

180
Q

Interactionism

A

A micro-theory which argues that we need to analyse how individuals interpret reality in order to understand social action

181
Q

Social action

A

Action affected by the existence of others, involving the understanding and interpreting of their behaviour

182
Q

Meaning

A

The beliefs, intentions, purposes or motives which people attach to their actions

183
Q

Sign

A

Anything that stands for something else (e.g. words and language)

184
Q

Self

A

An individual’s sense of his or her own identity

185
Q

Taking the role of the other

A

Our ability to step outside ourselves and see the results of our actions as if it were someone else. Language enables us to have this inner conversation with ourselves

186
Q

Social construction of reality

A

The idea that many of the things we take as ‘fact’ are in actuality a product of the different meanings which have been attached to people and events

187
Q

Labelling theory

A

The idea that categorizing or stereotyping individuals or groups can seriously affect their behaviour and sense of self

188
Q

Stigma

A

A particularly negative social label that affects how you view yourself and how others view you

189
Q

Stigmatisation

A

The process whereby individuals are labelled with some marginalising characteristic such as ‘deviant’ ‘mad’ etc. These individuals may be prevented from being fully accepted in society.

190
Q

Dramaturgical analogy

A

The approach used by Erving Goffman to compare social life to a piece of theatre.

191
Q

Social actors

A

Interactionist jargon for ‘people’

192
Q

Impression management

A

How social actors try to guide and control how others interpret their behaviour

193
Q

Front stage

A

Behaviour that is visible to the audience and is the impression the actor wants to get across about themselves

194
Q

Back stage

A

Behaviour that is hidden from the audience for the sake of successful impression management

195
Q

Mask of masculinity

A

Kimmel’s argument that masculinity is a front, or a ruse which men play on the world. Men are pressured by other men and women to pretend that half of their identity (the feminine half) doesn’t exist.

196
Q

Primary deviance

A

The first act of rule-breaking that may receive a deviant or negative label and thus influence how people think about and act toward you

197
Q

Secondary deviance

A

Subsequent acts of rule-breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new deviant label, the stigma attached to it, and people’s expectations of you.

198
Q

Postmodernism

A

A perspective which argues that society is changing rapidly and that it is marked by greater choice & uncertainty. According to this view the pace of change renders many conventional sociological approaches as old fashioned or even obsolete

199
Q

Epoch

A

A particular period of history

200
Q

Pre-modern society

A

An agriculturally based society based on tradition and understanding themselves through myths, superstition and religion

201
Q

The Enlightenment

A

An intellectual and scientific movement of 18th century Europe which was characterized by a rational and scientific approach to social, political, and economic issues. This movement gave birth to ‘modernity’

202
Q

Modernity

A

The period from the mid-eighteenth-century European Enlightenment to at least the late 20th C. A period in which traditional ways of thinking (e.g. religion) began to be questioned and replaced by science, rational thought and belief in progress

203
Q

Postmodernity

A

An era after modernity which some writers claim we are in. This period is seen as diverse and moving in many directions

204
Q

Individualisation

A

The idea that people are increasingly seeing themselves as individuals rather than members of a social group. People are individuals choosing their own identities rather than having their lives structured by membership of social groups

205
Q

Fragmentation

A

Implies a breaking up of once cohesive societies into a plurality of comparatively disconnected individuals and groups

206
Q

Fluidity

A

Social or cultural instability, changeability or ephemerality

207
Q

Ephemeral

A

Temporary or subject to constant change

208
Q

Hybrid identities

A

These are formed from mixing aspects of two or more identities thereby creating a new identity. Such identities tend to be created within a society that is culturally diverse

209
Q

Media saturation

A

The idea that we live in a society where we are being constantly bombarded by messages and images from the media

210
Q

Consumption

A

The way in which individuals use goods and services

211
Q

Use value

A

The practical utility derived from consuming a good or service (e.g. clothes have the practical utility of keeping you warm)

212
Q

Symbolic value

A

The idea that some consumption of goods and services, (e.g. designer goods), attaches prestige and status to the consumer and can be a way of projecting a particular identity

213
Q

Brand

A

A name, term, design, symbol or other feature that distinguishes one seller’s product from those of others

214
Q

Grand narratives (Metanarratives)

A

Broad overarching theories which try to explain how society works and the nature of social change e.g. Marxism and functionalism

215
Q

Relativism

A

The doctrine that knowledge, truth, and morality exist in relation to culture, society, or historical context, and are not absolute.

216
Q

Fragmentation of gender roles

A

The idea that there are now a multitude of different masculine and feminine identities to choose from leading to a blurring of gender roles

217
Q

Binary opposition

A

A pair of related terms or concepts that are opposite in meaning

218
Q

Globalisation

A

The name used to describe the ways in which the boundaries between different societies have been eroded

219
Q

Cosmopolitanism

A

A kind of openness and tolerance to cultural differences

220
Q

Fundamentalisms

A

Views which assert there is only one way to live, and usually provide an authority (often religious) from the past

221
Q

Multiculturalism

A

A concept that highlights the diversity both between different cultures like India or the UK whilst also recognising the massive differences of language, religion and life style within a country

A Level Sociology (knowledge) (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions