C1 Biomass Feedstock

Question 1

source of biomass

Answer 1

• forestry crops&residue
• agriculture crops&residue
• sewage
• animal residue

Question 2

example biomass

Answer 2

• palm oil empty fruit branch
• sugarcane bagasses
• bamboo
• wooden debris

Question 3

2D classification of biomass fuel

Answer 3

1. biological origin of biomass
2. biomass production condition

Question 4

physiochemical properties

5 properties

Answer 4

1. biochemical composition
2. moisture content
3. mineral matter content
4. organic matter ( CHNSO)
5. physical properties

Question 5

biochemical composition type

2 type

Answer 5

1. woody feedstock
2. non-woody feedstock

Question 6

woody feedstock main constituent

3 constituent

Answer 6

1. cellulose (major)
2. hemicellulose
3. lignin

Question 7

cellulose

Answer 7

• much of mechanical strenght of cell wall
• most inner layer in cell wall

Question 8

hemicellulose

Answer 8

“glue” that connect cellulose & lignin

Question 9

lignin

Answer 9

• protect from physical and chemical (very hydrophobic) attack
• the most outer layer cell wall

Question 10

biopolymer (cellulose,hemicellulose&lignin)

proportion biopolymers depend on

Answer 10

1. biomass type
2. ecosystem type

Question 11

non woody feedstock constituent

3 constituent

Answer 11

1. saccharide(most)
2. lipid
3. protein

Question 12

saccharide

Answer 12

• monosaccharide (glucose, galactose, fructose)
• disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
• polysaccharides (starch, glycogen)

Question 13

moisture content types

2 types

it determine applicability of specific biomass

Answer 13

1. intrinsic
2. extrinsic

Question 14

intrinsic

Answer 14

plant naturally contain

Question 15

extrinsic

Answer 15

plant absorb from weather during harvesting and storage

Question 16

moisture content processing

2 ways

Answer 16

1. biochemical
2. thermal

Question 17

biochemical

Answer 17

fermentation & digestion process
favour high moisture

Question 18

thermal

Answer 18

combustion,gasification,pyrolysis process
only accept low moisture

Question 19

mineral matter content

Answer 19

• naturally present/ chemically contaminated from industry process

Question 20

mineral matter content constituent

Answer 20

Si, Ca, K, Na & Mg with small amont of S, P, Fe, Mn & Al

Question 21

Organic matter (C,H,N,S,O) can be determine through:

2 ways

carbon, hyrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen

Answer 21

1. proximate analysis
2. ultimate analysis (C,H,N,S,O)

Question 22

proximate analysis

Answer 22

• heating biomass in inert atmosphere up to 950°C
• fixed carbon content = mass of residue left after heating biomass
• eg instrument: TGA

Question 23

ultimate analysis (C,H,N,S,O)

Answer 23

• involve complete & instantaneous oxidation of sample by “flash combustion” then produce NO2, CO2, SO2, H2O
• use specific calibration to determine quantity (C,H,N,S,O)

Question 24

why determine organic matter important

Answer 24

• N & S =determine enviromental quality. high N & S = unfavorable (produce acidic gas)
• C & H = determine calorific value & biofuel conversion potential
• O =associate with losses and greater CO2 emission

Question 25

# physical properties physical density

Answer 25

low density make transportation costly ## Footnote eg, low density ( bulu pelepah) senang terbang bila transport susah and mahal

Question 26

ways to increase density | 2 ways

Answer 26

1. physical process (compaction) 2. thermal process (torrefaction)

Question 27

category of technologies for biomass processing | 3 categories

Answer 27

1. thermochemical processing 2. biochemical processing 3. physiochemical processing

Question 28

thermochemical processing | 4 types

Answer 28

1. combustion 2. gasification 3. prylolysis 4. hydrothermal processsing

Question 29

biochemical processing

Answer 29

anaerobic digestion

Question 30

physiochemical processing | 2 types

Answer 30

1. fermentation 2. esterifaction

Question 31

combustion output

Answer 31

* heat * steam * electricity

Question 32

gasification

Answer 32

* heat * steam * electricity * methane * hydrogen

Question 33

pyrolysis

Answer 33

* charcoal/biochar * biogas * bio-oil

Question 34

hydrothermal

Answer 34

* charcoal * biogas * bio-oil

Question 35

anaerobic digestion

Answer 35

* biogas * digestate

Question 36

type generation of biofuels | 4 generation

Answer 36

1. 1st gen (food related source) 2. 2nd gen (non-food related source) 3. 3rd gen (microalgae) 4. 4rt gen (genetically modified microalgae)

Question 37

1st gen (food related source)

Answer 37

* feedstock of higher saccharide & lipid content * poses adverse on food security * require cultivable land for feedstock generation * -ive impact on environment due to fertilizer&pesticide * feedstock growth depend largely on environmental factor (temp,humidity etc.)

Question 38

2nd gen (non-food related source)

Answer 38

* no impact on food security * no impact on biodiversity * feedstock growth depend on environmental factor

Question 39

3rd gen (microalgae)

Answer 39

* no impact on food security * no impact on biodiversity * can be cultivate in soil unsuitable for agriculture purpose using waste water * feedstock can grow on rough condition * comercial production not yet in place (in research)

Question 40

4rt gen (genetically modified microalgae)

Answer 40

* no impact on food security * no impact on biodiversity * feedstock can grow on rough condition * aim for overall life cycle of carbon footprint is negative * technology in early development