C1 Atomic Structure/periodic Table Flashcards
What is an ion
A charged atom or molecule
What is an isotope
Atoms with the same number of protons amd electrons but different amount of nuetrons
What is an element
A substance made from only one type of atom
What is a compound
A chemical substance made up of two or more different elements that are chemically bonded together
How do you calculate mass number
Protons+nuetrons
Why are atoms nuetrally charged
The number of protons (positively charged) and electrons (negatively charged) cancel out to become nuetraly charged
What is the difference between a mixture and a compound
A mixture contains 2 or more different subastances that are only physically joined together whereas a compound is chemically bonded together
What are the two types of ions
Cation (+)
Anion (-)
What is a mixture
consists of two or more different substances, not chemically joined together.
When is fractional distillation used
A fractional distillation is used when separating mixtures of liquids whose boiling points are similar
What was the plum pudding model
negatively-charged electrons embedded within a positively-charged “soup.”
What charge does protons neutrons and electrons have
Electrons- (-1)
Protons- (+1)
Neutrons- (0)
What are the steps of fractional distillation
Evaporation: Crude oil is heated until it evaporates. Crude oil vapour is put into a fractionating column at the bottom and rises upwards.
Condensation: The temperature is highest at the bottom of the column. …
Collection: The fractions are collected.
What does paper chromotagrophy do
Paper Chromatography is used to separate mixtures of soluble substances in a solution
When was the plum pudding discovered and what was its idea
1897- the atom is a ball of charge with atoms scattered around it
What are the 5 different models in order of oldest to newest
1.Daltons solid sphere model, 2. Thomsons plum-pudding model, 3. Rutherfords model, 4. Bohr model, 5. Quantum mechanical model
Before the discovery of the subomatic particles what order did scuentists arange the elements of
Their atomic weight
What do all elements in one group have in common
Number of electrons in the outer shell of the atom
How are periods sorted
increasing of atomic number
What charge is the nucleus and why
Positively charged because protons are positively chatged and nuetrons and neutrally charged
Why do atoms have no charge
They have the same number of protons and electrons
What does the atomic number tell you
How many protons/electrons there are
What does the mass number tell you
Total number of protons and neutrons in the atom
What are isotopes
Different forms of the same element. Theyll have the same atomic number as the original element but different mass numbers. For example carbons mass number is usually 12 but a common isotope would be cabon with a mass number of 13.
How many atoms are there in Ca(OH)2
5 atoms
Methane burns with oxygen making carbon dioxide and water. What is the word equation for this.
Methane + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water
What does filtration seperate
Insolube solids from liquids
What dose solube mean
If a solid can be dissolved
What is one method you can use to seperate a splube salt from a solution
Pour the solutuon into an evaporation dish
Slowly heat the dish with a bunsin burneeand the solution will become more concentrated
Keep heating until all you have left are dry crystals
What was john daltons idea about atoms
19th centruy. He describes atoms as solid spheres and different spheres made up different elements
What was J J thomsons idea about atoms
- Plum pudding model. Atoms werent solid spheres. Atoms have negative charged particles.
How many electrons do group 0 elements have on the outer shell
8
What were the two most obvious ways that elements were catogarised in the 1800s
Physical and chemical propeties
Atomic weight
What are 3 physical properties of metals
Strong
Good conductor of heat
High boiling and melting points
What are three physical factors of non metals
Dull
Low density
Bad conductor of electricity
What was bohr’s discovery
Electrons exist in shells and orbit the nucleus in specific distances
What wa the order of the discovery of the protons, neutrons and electrons
Electron, proton, neutron
What are compounds held by
Chemical bonds
What happens to the atoms in a metal and non metal when they join formign a compound.
The metal atoms lose electrons forming positive ions and the non-metal atoms gain electrons forming negative ions
Whatbis ionic bonding
When a metal and non-metal is chemically joined through a reaction. They oppositely charged ions are strongly attracted to each other. This is ionic bonding
What is a molecule
A compound formed from non-metals
What is covalant bonding
When each atom of non metals share an electron with eachtoher. Bonding covalantnly
How are compounds represented
Through formulas
What is CO2
A compound formed from a chemical reaction between Carbon and Oxygen containg 1 Carbon atom and 2 Oxygen atoms
Explain the distribution if atoms in Ca(OH)2
The little number outside the bracket applies to everything inside the brakcet. Therefore there is 1 Calcium atom. 2 Ocygen atoms and 2 Hydrogen atoms.
If an element ends in ‘ide’ once chemically bonded how many atoms are there for that element
chlorine=1atom -> chloride =2 atoms
If an element ends in ‘ate’ once its been chemically bonded how many atoms are there for that element
Carbon=1atom -> carbonate=2atoms
Are mixtures chemically binded? What does this mean in terms of the difficulty to seperate them?
Mixtures arent chemically bonded and so they are easy to seperate
Give 5 ways mixtures can be seperated
Filtration
Crystalisation
Simple distillation
Fractional distillation
Chromatography
What is crude oil
A mixture of different length hydrocarbon molecules
What does papar chromotagrophy seperate
Seperates different dyes in an ink
Explain the process of paper chromotagrophy
Draw a line near the bottom of the filter paper using a pencil because its insolube and wont disolve in the solvent
Add a spot of ink to the line and place the sheet in a beaker of solvant.
Make sure the ink isnt touching the solvant as you dont want it to dissolve into it
Place a lid on top of the container to stop the solvent from evaporating
The solvent seeps up the paper carrying the ink with it
Each different dye in the ink will move up at a different rate so they will seperate out.
When the solvent has newrly reached the top of the filter paper take it out the beaker and leave it to dry
If any of the inks are insolube during chromotography what will happen
If a dye is insolube theyll stay on the base line
What is the word for the end result of the pattern created dueing chromatography
Chromatogram
When is filtration used
If your product is an insolube solid that needs to be seperated from a liquid mixture
For purification. To seperate solid impurities
If a solid can be dissolved what is it described as
Solube
What are the two methods used to seperate solube solids from solutions
Evaporation and crystallisation
Describe the process of crystallisation to seperate a solube salt from a solution
Pour the solution into an evaporating dish and heat the solution. Some of the solvent will evaporate making the solutiin more concentrated
When you see crystals start to form remove the dish from the heat and leave it to cool
The salt should start to form cyrtals as it becomes insolube
Filter the crystals out of the solution and leave them to dry in a hot place
What is rock salt made out of
Sand and salt
Describe the process of filtration to seperate rock salt
Grinf the mixture of rock salt until fine so it will be easily dissolvable
Put the mixture in the water and stir
The salt will dissolve but the sand wont.
Filter the mixture using filter paper. The grains of salt will fit through however the sand wont so the sand will be collected on the paper instead
What are the two types of distillation
Simple and fractional
What is simple distillation used for
Used for seperating out a liquid from a solution
What is one negative about simple distillation
You can only dissolve substances that have boiling points that are very far from eachtoher. This is because if the temperature rises about the temperature of the boiling point of the substance with the highest BP, they will mix again
Explain the process of simple distillation
Heat the solution. Make sure to have a themometre inside the beaker as temperature csnt rise abiut the boiling point if the substance with the highest boiling point
The liquid with the lowest boiling ooint will evaporate first
The vapour travels through the condenser and the vapour is condensed (back into a liquid) as it is cooled
The solution with the higher boiking point will be left behind.
What is simple distillation commonly used to seperate
Salt from sea water to get pure water
What is Fractional distillation is used to seperate
Used to seperate a mixture if liquids
Describe hte peocess of fractional distillation with crude oil
Put the mixture in a flask and place a fractionating collimn on top
Heat the mixture. The different liquids will have different boiling points so will seperate out at different temperatures.
The liquid with the lowest boiling point evaporates first.
When the themometre at the top of the fractionating collumn reaches the temperature of the boiling point of the liquid it will reach the top of the collumn.
When the first liquid has been collected raise the temperature so the liquids with higher boiling points will evaporate quicker.
What was john deltons theory about the atom
Atoms were solid spheres, different spheres made up different elements.
What model did j j thompsam discover and what was it
Plum pudding model- the atam was a ball of positive charge with electrons stuck in it
How did rutherfood show the plum pudding model was wrong
Fired alpha particles at a thin sheet of gold. If the plum pudding model was correct the alpha particles would all pass through the sheet. However some were deflected and some even rebounded back.
What did rutherford discover about the atom and explain it.
He discovered the nuclear model of the atom- tint positively charged nucleus at the centre where most the mass is. A cloud of negative electrons surrounded the nucleus. So most of the atom was empty space apart from the positvely charged nucleus which rebounded the alpha waves.
What did bohhr discoever about the atom
Electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed forms. Each shell is a fixed distance from the nucleus
What did james chadwick discover about the atom
He discoevered neutral particles in an atom which are called neutrons. This is the model we use tiday
In what way is the periodic table ordered and why
In order of increasing of atomic (proton) number. This means the elements have repeating patterns of properties in the elements
How does the reactivity change in group 7
Becomes less reactive the further you go down the group
How does the reactivity change in group 1
Reactivity increases further you go down from group
Where are non-metals located in the periodic table
Far top right of the periodic table
give 3 properties of metals
Strong and hard to break however is malleable, can be hammered into place
Great conductor of electricity
High boiling and melting points
3 features of non-metals
Dull
Brittle and have a low density
Generally dont conduct electricity
What are group 1 elements also known as
Alkali metals
Give two physical features of the alkali metals
Soft and low density
Give 3 trends alkali metals have when going down group 1
Increasing reactivity
Lower melting and boiling points
Higher relative atomic mass
What ions will group 1 elements form
+1 ions
What do alkali metals form when they react
Ionic compounds
What happens when alkali metals areplaced into water
React vigorously
What do lithium sodium and pitassium do when placed in waterr
The float and fizz
When lithium and sodium react with oxygen what do they form
Lithium and sodium oxide
What are group 7 elements
Halogens which are all non-metals
What is fluorine. Reactivity,colour.
Fluorine is a very reactive posionoess yellow gas
What is chlorine. Reactivity, colour.
Fairly reactive dense green gas
What is bromine. Reactivity, colour.
Bromine is a dense poisoness red-brown liquid
What 3 things happen when you go doen the group 7 explain
Becomes less reactive - harder to gain an extra electron; because the outer shell is firther from the nucleus
Higher melting and boiling points
Higher relative atomic mass
How do halogens form molecular conpounds
They share electrons via covalent bonding with other non-metals to achieve a full outer shell. The compounds that form when halogens react with non-metals all have simple molecular structures.
What do halogens form when reacting with metals
Ionic bonds, 1- ions called halides
What are group 0 elements known as
Noble gases
what colour are all group 0 elements
colourless
how many electrons do group 0 elements have on their outer shell
8
what happens to the boiling points as you go down noble gases
boiling points increase
why is their an increase in boiling point when you go down noble gases
due to an increase in the number of electrons in each atom leading to greater intermolecular forces between them which need to be broken.
